<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rich, Stephen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leendertz, Fabian H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Guang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LeBreton, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Djoko, Cyrille F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminake, Makoah N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Takang, Eric E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffo, Joseph L D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pike, Brian L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosenthal, Benjamin M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Formenty, Pierre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boesch, Christophe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayala, Francisco J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolfe, Nathan D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The origin of malignant malaria.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amino Acid Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycoproteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malaria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N-Acetylneuraminic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pan troglodytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plasmodium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plasmodium falciparum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protozoan Infections, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protozoan Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Alignment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Sep 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14902-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malignant malaria, is among the most severe human infectious diseases. The closest known relative of P. falciparum is a chimpanzee parasite, Plasmodium reichenowi, of which one single isolate was previously known. The co-speciation hypothesis suggests that both parasites evolved separately from a common ancestor over the last 5-7 million years, in parallel with the divergence of their hosts, the hominin and chimpanzee lineages. Genetic analysis of eight new isolates of P. reichenowi, from wild and wild-born captive chimpanzees in Cameroon and Côte d'Ivoire, shows that P. reichenowi is a geographically widespread and genetically diverse chimpanzee parasite. The genetic lineage comprising the totality of global P. falciparum is fully included within the much broader genetic diversity of P. reichenowi. This finding is inconsistent with the co-speciation hypothesis. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that all extant P. falciparum populations originated from P. reichenowi, likely by a single host transfer, which may have occurred as early as 2-3 million years ago, or as recently as 10,000 years ago. The evolutionary history of this relationship may be explained by two critical genetic mutations. First, inactivation of the CMAH gene in the human lineage rendered human ancestors unable to generate the sialic acid Neu5Gc from its precursor Neu5Ac, and likely made humans resistant to P. reichenowi. More recently, mutations in the dominant invasion receptor EBA 175 in the P. falciparum lineage provided the parasite with preference for the overabundant Neu5Ac precursor, accounting for its extreme human pathogenicity.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19666593?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Xiaohong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foulkes, Andrea S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yucel, Recai M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rich, Stephen M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An expectation maximization approach to estimate malaria haplotype frequencies in multiply infected children.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Frequency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Likelihood Functions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malaria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malaria Vaccines</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plasmodium</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article33</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterizing genetic variability in the human pathogenic Plasmodium species, the group of parasites that cause Malaria, may have broad global health implications. Specifically, discerning the combinations of mutations that lead to viable parasites and the population level frequencies of these clonal sequences will allow for targeted vaccine development and individualized treatment choices. This presents an analytical challenge, however, since haplotypic phase (i.e. the alignment of bases on a single DNA strand) is generally unobservable in multiply infected individuals. This manuscript describes an expectation maximization (EM) approach to maximum likelihood estimation of haplotype frequencies in this missing data setting. The approach is applied to a cohort of N=341 malaria infected children in Uganda, Cameroon and Sudan to characterize regional differences. A simulation study is also presented to characterize method performance and assess sensitivity to distributional assumptions.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18052916?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rich, Stephen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayala, Francisco J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progress in malaria research: the case for phylogenetics.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adv Parasitol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adv. Parasitol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical Research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution, Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malaria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plasmodium</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255-80</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malaria, from the Italian for &quot;bad air&quot;, is a term used to describe a human disease caused by any of four parasites of the genus, Plasmodium. There are in fact over 200 described species of Plasmodium that parasitize reptiles, birds, and mammals, and may or may not cause disease in these various hosts. In this chapter, we highlight important evolutionary studies that have been undertaken to determine the relatedness among these species and their place in the taxonomic hierarchy. We begin by providing an overview of our present understanding of the phylum to which malaria parasites belong--Apicomplexa. The unique characteristics of these parasites reflect both their adaptation to the parasitic life style as well as some vestigial remnants of their pre-parasitic evolutionary past. Phylogenetic analyses provide the means for discerning the means by which these characteristics have come into existence. We next discuss the systematics of the genus Plasmodium. Morphology, genomic structure and content as well as host affiliation of these parasites are all traits that have been used for establishing taxonomic arrangements. Molecular phylogenetics has proven to be an invaluable tool in this regard and so we discuss the current phylogenetic picture of the genus as well as the correspondence among the various datasets (morphology, molecules, and host-preference). Lastly, we present a detailed account of our current understanding of the evolutionary past of the most deadly of the human malaria species--P. falciparum.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14711087?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>