<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriel, Gregory J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maegerlein, Janet A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, Christopher F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dabkowski, Jeffrey M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eren, Tarik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nüsslein, Klaus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tew, Gregory N</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of facially amphiphilic versus segregated monomers in the design of antibacterial copolymers.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti-Bacterial Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plastics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface-Active Agents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">433-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A direct comparison of two strategies for designing antimicrobial polymers is presented. Previously, we published several reports on the use of facially amphiphilic (FA) monomers which led to polynorbornenes with excellent antimicrobial activities and selectivities. Our polymers obtained by copolymerization of structurally similar segregated monomers, in which cationic and non-polar moieties reside on separate repeat units, led to polymers with less pronounced activities. A wide range of polymer amphiphilicities was surveyed by pairing a cationic oxanorbornene with eleven different non-polar monomers and varying the comonomer feed ratios. Their properties were tested using antimicrobial assays and copolymers possessing intermediate hydrophobicities were the most active. Polymer-induced leakage of dye-filled liposomes and microscopy of polymer-treated bacteria support a membrane-based mode of action. From these results there appears to be profound differences in how a polymer made from FA monomers interacts with the phospholipid bilayer compared with copolymers from segregated monomers. We conclude that a well-defined spatial relationship of the whole polymer is crucial to obtain synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs): charged and non-polar moieties need to be balanced locally, for example, at the monomer level, and not just globally. We advocate the use of FA monomers for better control of biological properties. It is expected that this principle will be usefully applied to other backbones such as the polyacrylates, polystyrenes, and non-natural polyamides.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19021176?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilker, M Firat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nüsslein, Klaus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tew, Gregory N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coughlin, E Bryan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuning the hemolytic and antibacterial activities of amphiphilic polynorbornene derivatives.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Am Chem Soc</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti-Bacterial Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacillus subtilis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholesterol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erythrocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escherichia coli</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liposomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microbial Sensitivity Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Weight</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norbornanes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure-Activity Relationship</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Dec 8</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15870-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amphiphilic cationic polynorbornene derivatives, soluble in water, were prepared from modular norbornene monomers, with a wide range of molecular weights (M(n) = 1600-137 500 g/mol) and narrow polydispersities (PDI = 1.1-1.3). The antibacterial activity determined by growth inhibition assays and the hemolytic activity against human red blood cells were measured and compared to determine the selectivity of the polymers for bacterial over mammalian cells. The effects of monomer repeat unit hydrophobicity and polymer molecular weight on antibacterial and hemolytic activities were determined. The hydrophobicity of the repeat unit was observed to have dramatic effects on antibacterial and hemolytic activities. Lipid membrane disruption activities of the polymers was confirmed by measuring polymer-induced dye leakage from large unilamellar vesicles. By tuning the overall hydrophobicity of the polymer through random copolymerizations of modular norbornene derivatives, highly selective, nonhemolytic antibacterial activities were obtained. For appropriate monomer composition, selectivity against bacteria versus human red blood cells was determined to be over 100.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15571411?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>