<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webley, Wilmore C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salva, Paul S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrzejewski, Chester</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cirino, Frances</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">West, Corrie A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tilahun, Yaphet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stuart, Elizabeth S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The bronchial lavage of pediatric patients with asthma contains infectious Chlamydia.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am J Respir Crit Care Med</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asthma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Preschool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlamydia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlamydia Infections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cohort Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunoglobulin E</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant, Newborn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymerase Chain Reaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue Culture Techniques</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 May 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1083-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There has been a worldwide increase in the incidence of asthma, and the disease has greatly impacted the public health care system. Chlamydia pneumoniae has been reported as a possible contributing factor in asthma. The organism has been detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in bronchial tissue, but there has been no direct evidence of viability. To determine the frequency of viable Chlamydia in children, blood and bronchoalveolar lavage were collected from 70 pediatric patients undergoing flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Forty-two of these patients had asthma, whereas the remaining patients had various respiratory disorders. Fifty-four percent (38) of the bronchoalveolar lavage samples were PCR-positive for Chlamydia, and 31% (22) of the PCR-positive samples were positive when cultured on macrophages. Twenty-eight samples (40%) and 14 samples (20%) of the PCR- and culture-positive samples, respectively, were from patients with asthma. Culture of the blood samples revealed that 24 (34.3%) of 70 were positive for Chlamydia compared with 8 (11%) of 70 matched nonrespiratory control subjects (p &lt; 0.01); 17 (24%) of the positive blood cultures from the respiratory group were from patients with asthma. Elevation of total IgE was strongly associated with lavage culture positivity for Chlamydia. We therefore conclude that viable Chlamydia pneumoniae organisms are frequently present in the lung lavage fluid from this cohort of predominantly asthmatic pediatric patients.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15735056?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webley, Wilmore C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norkin, Leonard C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stuart, Elizabeth S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caveolin-2 associates with intracellular chlamydial inclusions independently of caveolin-1.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Infect Dis</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Infect. Dis.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blotting, Western</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caveolin 1</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caveolin 2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caveolins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlamydia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Antibody Technique</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Golgi Apparatus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guinea Pigs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HeLa Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vacuoles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Virulence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Jul 22</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Lipid raft domains form in plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells by the tight packing of glycosphingolipids and cholesterol. Caveolae are invaginated structures that form in lipid raft domains when the protein caveolin-1 is expressed. The Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that replicate entirely within inclusions that develop from the phagocytic vacuoles in which they enter. We recently found that host cell caveolin-1 is associated with the intracellular vacuoles and inclusions of some chlamydial strains and species, and that entry of those strains depends on intact lipid raft domains. Caveolin-2 is another member of the caveolin family of proteins that is present in caveolae, but of unknown function.

METHODS: We utilized a caveolin-1 negative/caveolin-2 positive FRT cell line and laser confocal immunofluorescence techniques to visualize the colocalization of caveolin-2 with the chlamydial inclusions.

RESULTS: We show here that in infected HeLa cells, caveolin-2, as well as caveolin-1, colocalizes with inclusions of C. pneumoniae (Cp), C. caviae (GPIC), and C. trachomatis serovars E, F and K. In addition, caveolin-2 also associates with C. trachomatis serovars A, B and C, although caveolin-1 did not colocalize with these organisms. Moreover, caveolin-2 appears to be specifically, or indirectly, associated with the pathogens at the inclusion membranes. Using caveolin-1 deficient FRT cells, we show that although caveolin-2 normally is not transported out of the Golgi in the absence of caveolin-1, it nevertheless colocalizes with chlamydial inclusions in these cells. However, our results also show that caveolin-2 did not colocalize with UV-irradiated Chlamydia in FRT cells, suggesting that in these caveolin-1 negative cells, pathogen viability and very likely pathogen gene expression are necessary for the acquisition of caveolin-2 from the Golgi.

CONCLUSION: Caveolin-2 associates with the chlamydial inclusion independently of caveolin-1. The function of caveolin-2, either in the uninfected cell or in the chlamydial developmental cycle, remains to be elucidated. Nevertheless, this second caveolin protein can now be added to the small number of host proteins that are associated with the inclusions of this obligate intracellular pathogen.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15271223?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webley, Wilmore C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vora, Gary J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stuart, Elizabeth S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell surface display of the chlamydial glycolipid exoantigen (GLXA) demonstrated by antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curr Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curr. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibody Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlamydia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Complement System Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycolipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HeLa Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides, Bacterial</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13-21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The chlamydial species are Gram-negative bacterial pathogens critical to human health. Their developmental cycle is associated with the formation and release of the broadly conserved glycolipid exoantigen (GLXA), which has been implicated in the chlamydial elementary body-host cell interaction. This study examines the potential surface display of this glycolipid by chlamydiae-infected cells and the ability of the GLXA they secrete to associate with the plasma membranes of uninfected cells, a prerequisite for exerting influence on them. The sequential incubation of anti-GLXA antibody and complement with Chlamydia trachomatis serovar K or C. pneumoniae AR-39-infected HeLa 229 or macrophage cells resulted in significant cellular cytotoxicity, which preceded the formation of mature elementary bodies. For uninfected cells, co-incubation of GLXA, purified from supernatants of either C. trachomatis or C. pneumoniae-infected HeLa 229 cells, followed by the successive addition of mouse anti-GLXA antibody and complement, yielded similar levels of cellular cytotoxicity. Thus, GLXA indeed is displayed on the surface of infected cells and, therefore, if antibody of appropriate specificity were present, this GLXA could serve to target these infected cells for elimination. Furthermore, released GLXA can associate with uninfected cells and therefore would be positioned to influence their behavior, especially in the context of infection.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297924?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stuart, Elizabeth S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webley, Wilmore C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norkin, Leonard C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipid rafts, caveolae, caveolin-1, and entry by Chlamydiae into host cells.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exp Cell Res</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exp. Cell Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti-Bacterial Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caveolae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caveolin 1</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caveolins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlamydia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlamydia Infections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholesterol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eukaryotic Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filipin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HeLa Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Host-Parasite Interactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Membrane Microdomains</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nystatin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Jul 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">287</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-78</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of the genus Chlamydia are reported to enter host cells by both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent processes. C. trachomatis serovar K recently was shown to enter cells via caveolae-like lipid raft domains. We asked here how widespread raft-mediated entry might be among the Chlamydia. We show that C. pneumoniae, an important cause of respiratory infections in humans that additionally is associated with cardiovascular disease, and C. psittaci, an important pathogen in domestic mammals and birds that also infects humans, each enter host cells via cholesterol-rich lipid raft microdomains. Further, we show that C. trachomatis serovars E and F also use these domains to enter host cells. The involvement of these membrane domains in the entry of these organisms was indicated by the sensitivity of their entry to the raft-disrupting agents Nystatin and filipin, and by their intracellular association with caveolin-1, a 22-kDa protein associated with the formation of caveolae in rafts. In contrast, caveolin-marked lipid raft domains do not mediate entry of C. trachomatis serovars A, 36B, and C, nor of LGV serovar L2 and MoPn. Finally, we show that entry of each of these chlamydial strains is independent of cellular expression of caveolin-1. Thus, entry via the Nystatin and filipin-sensitive pathway is dependent on lipid rafts containing cholesterol, rather than invaginated caveolae per se.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12799183?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>