<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahadevan, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bond, D R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, J E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esteve-Nuñez, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coppi, M V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palsson, B O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schilling, C H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of metabolism in the Fe(III)-reducing organism Geobacter sulfurreducens by constraint-based modeling.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Environ Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl. Environ. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amino Acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electron Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escherichia coli</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fumarates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geobacter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenotype</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quinones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1558-68</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geobacter sulfurreducens is a well-studied representative of the Geobacteraceae, which play a critical role in organic matter oxidation coupled to Fe(III) reduction, bioremediation of groundwater contaminated with organics or metals, and electricity production from waste organic matter. In order to investigate G. sulfurreducens central metabolism and electron transport, a metabolic model which integrated genome-based predictions with available genetic and physiological data was developed via the constraint-based modeling approach. Evaluation of the rates of proton production and consumption in the extracellular and cytoplasmic compartments revealed that energy conservation with extracellular electron acceptors, such as Fe(III), was limited relative to that associated with intracellular acceptors. This limitation was attributed to lack of cytoplasmic proton consumption during reduction of extracellular electron acceptors. Model-based analysis of the metabolic cost of producing an extracellular electron shuttle to promote electron transfer to insoluble Fe(III) oxides demonstrated why Geobacter species, which do not produce shuttles, have an energetic advantage over shuttle-producing Fe(III) reducers in subsurface environments. In silico analysis also revealed that the metabolic network of G. sulfurreducens could synthesize amino acids more efficiently than that of Escherichia coli due to the presence of a pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, which catalyzes synthesis of pyruvate from acetate and carbon dioxide in a single step. In silico phenotypic analysis of deletion mutants demonstrated the capability of the model to explore the flexibility of G. sulfurreducens central metabolism and correctly predict mutant phenotypes. These results demonstrate that iterative modeling coupled with experimentation can accelerate the understanding of the physiology of poorly studied but environmentally relevant organisms and may help optimize their practical applications.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16461711?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leang, Ching</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coppi, M V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OmcB, a c-type polyheme cytochrome, involved in Fe(III) reduction in Geobacter sulfurreducens.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Bacteriol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Bacteriol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amino Acid Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacterial Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytochrome c Group</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deltaproteobacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multigene Family</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Homology, Amino Acid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">185</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2096-103</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microorganisms in the family Geobacteraceae are the predominant Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms in a variety of subsurface environments in which Fe(III) reduction is an important process, but little is known about the mechanisms for electron transport to Fe(III) in these organisms. The Geobacter sulfurreducens genome was found to contain a 10-kb chromosomal duplication consisting of two tandem three-gene clusters. The last genes of the two clusters, designated omcB and omcC, encode putative outer membrane polyheme c-type cytochromes which are 79% identical. The role of the omcB and omcC genes in Fe(III) reduction in G. sulfurreducens was investigated. OmcB and OmcC were both expressed during growth with acetate as the electron donor and either fumarate or Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. OmcB was ca. twofold more abundant under both conditions. Disrupting omcB or omcC by gene replacement had no impact on growth with fumarate. However, the OmcB-deficient mutant was greatly impaired in its ability to reduce Fe(III) both in cell suspensions and under growth conditions. In contrast, the ability of the OmcC-deficient mutant to reduce Fe(III) was similar to that of the wild type. When omcB was reintroduced into the OmcB-deficient mutant, the capacity for Fe(III) reduction was restored in proportion to the level of OmcB production. These results indicate that OmcB, but not OmcC, has a major role in electron transport to Fe(III) and suggest that electron transport to the outer membrane is an important feature in Fe(III) reduction in this organism.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12644478?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coates, J D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhupathiraju, V K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Achenbach, L A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mclnerney, M J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geobacter hydrogenophilus, Geobacter chapellei and Geobacter grbiciae, three new, strictly anaerobic, dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducers.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Int J Syst Evol Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Base Composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deltaproteobacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferric Compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gram-Negative Anaerobic Straight, Curved, and Helical Rods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrocarbons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nucleic Acid Hybridization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">581-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent studies on the diversity and ubiquity of Fe(III)-reducing organisms in different environments led to the isolation and identification of four new dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducers (strains H-2T, 172T, TACP-2T and TACP-5). All four isolates are non-motile, Gram-negative, freshwater, mesophilic, strict anaerobes with morphology identical to that of Geobacter metallireducens strain GS-15T. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences indicated that the new isolates belong to the genus Geobacter, in the delta-Proteobacteria. Significant differences in phenotypic characteristics, DNA-DNA homology and G+C content indicated that the four isolates represent three new species of the genus. The names Geobacter hydrogenophilus sp. nov. (strain H-2T), Geobacter chapellei sp. nov. (strain 172T) and Geobacter grbiciae sp. nov. (strains TACP-2T and TACP-5) are proposed. Geobacter hydrogenophilus and Geobacter chapellei were isolated from a petroleum-contaminated aquifer and a pristine, deep, subsurface aquifer, respectively. Geobacter grbiciae was isolated from aquatic sediments. All of the isolates can obtain energy for growth by coupling the oxidation of acetate to the reduction of Fe(III). The four isolates also coupled Fe(III) reduction to the oxidation of other simple, volatile fatty acids. In addition, Geobacter hydrogenophilus and Geobacter grbiciae were able to oxidize aromatic compounds such as benzoate, whilst Geobacter grbiciae was also able to use the monoaromatic hydrocarbon toluene.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pt 2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11321104?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nevin, K P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lack of production of electron-shuttling compounds or solubilization of Fe(III) during reduction of insoluble Fe(III) oxide by Geobacter metallireducens.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Environ Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl. Environ. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deltaproteobacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electron Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferric Compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solubility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2248-51</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies with the dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing microorganism Geobacter metallireducens demonstrated that the common technique of separating Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms and Fe(III) oxides with semipermeable membranes in order to determine whether the Fe(III) reducers release electron-shuttling compounds and/or Fe(III) chelators is invalid. This raised doubts about the mechanisms for Fe(III) oxide reduction by this organism. However, several experimental approaches indicated that G. metallireducens does not release electron-shuttling compounds and does not significantly solubilize Fe(III) during Fe(III) oxide reduction. These results suggest that G. metallireducens directly reduces insoluble Fe(III) oxide.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10788411?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bazylinski, D A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dean, A J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schüler, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phillips, E J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N2-dependent growth and nitrogenase activity in the metal-metabolizing bacteria, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum species.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acetylene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA, Bacterial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ethylenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genes, Bacterial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen Fixation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogenase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidoreductases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteobacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhodospirillaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">266-73</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells of Geobacter metallireducens, Magnetospirillum strain AMB-1, Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum and Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense showed N2-dependent growth, the first anaerobically with Fe(III) as the electron acceptor, and the latter three species microaerobically in semi-solid oxygen gradient cultures. Cells of the Magnetospirillum species grown with N2 under microaerobic conditions were magnetotactic and therefore produced magnetosomes. Cells of Geobacter metallireducens reduced acetylene to ethylene (11.5+/-5.9 nmol C2H4 produced min(-1) mg(-1) cell protein) while growing with Fe(III) as the electron acceptor in anaerobic growth medium lacking a fixed nitrogen source. Cells of the Magnetospirillum species, grown in a semi-solid oxygen gradient medium, also reduced acetylene at comparable rates. Uncut chromosomal and fragments from endonuclease-digested chromosomal DNA from these species, as well as Geobacter sulphurreducens organisms, hybridized with a nifHDK probe from Rhodospirillum rubrum, indicating the presence of these nitrogenase structural genes in these organisms. The evidence presented here shows that members of the metal-metabolizing genera, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum, fix atmospheric dinitrogen.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11200427?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kashefi, K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reduction of Fe(III), Mn(IV), and toxic metals at 100 degrees C by Pyrobaculum islandicum.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Environ Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl. Environ. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cobalt</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy Metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferric Compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geological Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manganese</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metals, Heavy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technetium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermoproteaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uranium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water Pollutants, Chemical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1050-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It has recently been noted that a diversity of hyperthermophilic microorganisms have the ability to reduce Fe(III) with hydrogen as the electron donor, but the reduction of Fe(III) or other metals by these organisms has not been previously examined in detail. When Pyrobaculum islandicum was grown at 100 degrees C in a medium with hydrogen as the electron donor and Fe(III)-citrate as the electron acceptor, the increase in cell numbers of P. islandicum per mole of Fe(III) reduced was found to be ca. 10-fold higher than previously reported. Poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide could also serve as the electron acceptor for growth on hydrogen. The stoichiometry of hydrogen uptake and Fe(III) oxide reduction was consistent with the oxidation of 1 mol of hydrogen resulting in the reduction of 2 mol of Fe(III). The poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide was reduced to extracellular magnetite. P. islandicum could not effectively reduce the crystalline Fe(III) oxide minerals goethite and hematite. In addition to using hydrogen as an electron donor for Fe(III) reduction, P. islandicum grew via Fe(III) reduction in media in which peptone and yeast extract served as potential electron donors. The closely related species P. aerophilum grew via Fe(III) reduction in a similar complex medium. Cell suspensions of P. islandicum reduced the following metals with hydrogen as the electron donor: U(VI), Tc(VII), Cr(VI), Co(III), and Mn(IV). The reduction of these metals was dependent upon the presence of cells and hydrogen. The metalloids arsenate and selenate were not reduced. U(VI) was reduced to the insoluble U(IV) mineral uraninite, which was extracellular. Tc(VII) was reduced to insoluble Tc(IV) or Tc(V). Cr(VI) was reduced to the less toxic, less soluble Cr(III). Co(III) was reduced to Co(II). Mn(IV) was reduced to Mn(II) with the formation of manganese carbonate. These results demonstrate that biological reduction may contribute to the speciation of metals in hydrothermal environments and could account for such phenomena as magnetite accumulation and the formation of uranium deposits at ca. 100 degrees C. Reduction of toxic metals with hyperthermophilic microorganisms or their enzymes might be applied to the remediation of metal-contaminated waters or waste streams.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10698770?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blunt-Harris, E L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Role of humic-bound iron as an electron transfer agent in dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Environ Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl. Environ. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deltaproteobacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electron Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferric Compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humic Substances</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4252-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The dissimilatory Fe(III) reducer Geobacter metallireducens reduced Fe(III) bound in humic substances, but the concentrations of Fe(III) in a wide range of highly purified humic substances were too low to account for a significant portion of the electron-accepting capacities of the humic substances. Furthermore, once reduced, the iron in humic substances could not transfer electrons to Fe(III) oxide. These results suggest that other electron-accepting moieties in humic substances, such as quinones, are the important electron-accepting and shuttling agents under Fe(III)-reducing conditions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10473447?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weiner, JM</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anaerobic benzene degradation in petroleum-contaminated aquifer sediments after inoculation with a benzene-oxidizing enrichment.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Environ Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl. Environ. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anaerobiosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benzene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodegradation, Environmental</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fresh Water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geologic Sediments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petroleum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sulfates</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">775-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sediments from the sulfate-reduction zone of a petroleum-contaminated aquifer, in which benzene persisted, were inoculated with a benzene-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing enrichment from aquatic sediments. Benzene was degraded, with apparent growth of the benzene-degrading population over time. These results suggest that the lack of benzene degradation in the sulfate-reduction zones of some aquifers may result from the failure of the appropriate benzene-degrading sulfate reducers to colonize the aquifers rather than from environmental conditions that are adverse for anaerobic benzene degradation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9464422?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coates, J D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellis, D J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blunt-Harris, E L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaw, C V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roden, E E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recovery of humic-reducing bacteria from a diversity of environments.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Environ Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl. Environ. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acetic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthraquinones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Base Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Primers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electron Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fresh Water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humic Substances</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymerase Chain Reaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Bacterial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seawater</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water Microbiology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1504-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To evaluate which microorganisms might be responsible for microbial reduction of humic substances in sedimentary environments, humic-reducing bacteria were isolated from a variety of sediment types. These included lake sediments, pristine and contaminated wetland sediments, and marine sediments. In each of the sediment types, all of the humic reducers recovered with acetate as the electron donor and the humic substance analog, 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate (AQDS), as the electron acceptor were members of the family Geobacteraceae. This was true whether the AQDS-reducing bacteria were enriched prior to isolation on solid media or were recovered from the highest positive dilutions of sediments in liquid media. All of the isolates tested not only conserved energy to support growth from acetate oxidation coupled to AQDS reduction but also could oxidize acetate with highly purified soil humic acids as the sole electron acceptor. All of the isolates tested were also able to grow with Fe(III) serving as the sole electron acceptor. This is consistent with previous studies that have suggested that the capacity for Fe(III) reduction is a common feature of all members of the Geobacteraceae. These studies demonstrate that the potential for microbial humic substance reduction can be found in a wide variety of sediment types and suggest that Geobacteraceae species might be important humic-reducing organisms in sediments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9546186?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caccavo, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coates, J D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rossello-Mora, R A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ludwig, W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schleifer, K H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McInerney, M J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geovibrio ferrireducens, a phylogenetically distinct dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Base Composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">370-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new, phylogenetically distinct, dissimilatory, Fe(III)-reducing bacterium was isolated from surface sediment of a hydrocarbon-contaminated ditch. The isolate, designated strain PAL-1, was an obligately anaerobic, non-fermentative, motile, gram-negative vibrio. PAL-1 grew in a defined medium with acetate as electron donor and ferric pyrophosphate, ferric oxyhydroxide, ferric citrate, Co(III)-EDTA, or elemental sulfur as sole electron acceptor. PAL-1 also used proline, hydrogen, lactate, propionate, succinate, fumarate, pyruvate, or yeast extract as electron donors for Fe(III) reduction. It is the first bacterium known to couple the oxidation of an amino acid to Fe(III) reduction. PAl-1 did not reduce oxygen, Mn(IV), U(VI), Cr(VI), nitrate, sulfate, sulfite, or thiosulfate with acetate as the electron donor. Cell suspensions of PAL-1 exhibited dithionite-reduced minus air-oxidized difference spectra that were characteristic of c-type cytochromes. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of PAL-1 showed that the strain is not related to any of the described metal-reducing bacteria in the Proteobacteria and, together with Flexistipes sinusarabici, forms a separate line of descent within the Bacteria. Phenotypically and phylogenetically, strain PAl-1 differs from all other described bacteria, and represents the type strain of a new genus and species, Geovibrio ferrireducens.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8661930?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lonergan, D J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jenter, H L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coates, J D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phillips, E J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, T M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogenetic analysis of dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Bacteriol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Bacteriol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacteria, Anaerobic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Base Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA, Ribosomal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferric Compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Analysis, DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">178</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2402-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolutionary relationships among strictly anaerobic dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria obtained from a diversity of sedimentary environments were examined by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Members of the genera Geobacter, Desulfuromonas, Pelobacter, and Desulfuromusa formed a monophyletic group within the delta subdivision of the class Proteobacteria. On the basis of their common ancestry and the shared ability to reduce Fe(III) and/or S0, we propose that this group be considered a single family, Geobacteraceae. Bootstrap analysis, characteristic nucleotides, and higher-order secondary structures support the division of Geobacteraceae into two subgroups, designated the Geobacter and Desulfuromonas clusters. The genus Desulfuromusa and Pelobacter acidigallici make up a distinct branch within the Desulfuromonas cluster. Several members of the family Geobacteraceae, none of which reduce sulfate, were found to contain the target sequences of probes that have been previously used to define the distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacterium-like microorganisms. The recent isolations of Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms distributed throughout the domain Bacteria suggest that development of 16S rRNA probes that would specifically target all Fe(III) reducers may not be feasible. However, all of the evidence suggests that if a 16S rRNA sequence falls within the family Geobacteraceae, then the organism has the capacity for Fe(III) reduction. The suggestion, based on geological evidence, that Fe(III) reduction was the first globally significant process for oxidizing organic matter back to carbon dioxide is consistent with the finding that acetate-oxidizing Fe(III) reducers are phylogenetically diverse.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8636045?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioremediation of organic and metal contaminants with dissimilatory metal reduction.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Ind Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Ind. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodegradation, Environmental</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrocarbons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mercury</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selenium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uranium</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85-93</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dissimilatory metal reduction has the potential to be a helpful mechanism for both intrinsic and engineered bioremediation of contaminated environments. Dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction is an important intrinsic process for removing organic contaminants from aquifers contaminated with petroleum or landfill leachate. Stimulation of microbial Fe(III) reduction can enhance the degradation of organic contaminants in ground water. Dissimilatory reduction of uranium, selenium, chromium, technetium, and possibly other metals, can convert soluble metal species to insoluble forms that can readily be removed from contaminated waters or waste streams. Reduction of mercury can volatilize mercury from waters and soils. Despite its potential, there has as yet been limited applied research into the use of dissimilatory metal reduction as a bioremediation tool.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7766214?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coates, J D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lonergan, D J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philips, E J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jenter, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desulfuromonas palmitatis sp. nov., a marine dissimilatory Fe(III) reducer that can oxidize long-chain fatty acids.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electron Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fatty Acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Bacterial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water Microbiology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">406-13</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies on the microorganisms living in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments in San Diego Bay, California led to the isolation of a novel Fe(III)-reducing microorganism. This organism, designated strain SDBY1, was an obligately anaerobic, non-motile, non-flagellated, gram-negative rod. Strain SDBY1 conserves energy to support growth from the oxidation of acetate, lactate, succinate, fumarate, laurate, palmitate, or stearate. H2 was also oxidized with the reduction of Fe(III), but growth with H2 as the sole electron donor was not observed. In addition to various forms of soluble and insoluble Fe(III), strain SDBY1 also coupled growth to the reduction of fumarate, Mn(IV), or S0. Air-oxidized minus dithionite-reduced difference spectra exhibited peaks at 552.8, 523.6, and 422.8 nm, indicative of c-type cytochrome(s). Strain SDBY1 shares physiological characteristics with organisms in the genera Geobacter, Pelobacter, and Desulfuromonas. Detailed analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence indicated that strain SDBY1 should be placed in the genus Desulfuromonas. The new species name Desulfuromonas palmitatis is proposed. D. palmitatis is only the second marine organism found (after D. acetoxidans) to oxidize multicarbon organic compounds completely to carbon dioxide with Fe(III) as an electron acceptor and provides the first pure culture model for the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids coupled to Fe(III) reduction.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8588742?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovley, D R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Giovannoni, S J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">White, D C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Champine, J E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phillips, E J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gorby, Y A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goodwin, S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geobacter metallireducens gen. nov. sp. nov., a microorganism capable of coupling the complete oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of iron and other metals.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Microbiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch. Microbiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytochrome c Group</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fatty Acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">336-44</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The gram-negative metal-reducing microorganism, previously known as strain GS-15, was further characterized. This strict anaerobe oxidizes several short-chain fatty acids, alcohols, and monoaromatic compounds with Fe(III) as the sole electron acceptor. Furthermore, acetate is also oxidized with the reduction of Mn(IV), U(VI), and nitrate. In whole cell suspensions, the c-type cytochrome(s) of this organism was oxidized by physiological electron acceptors and also by gold, silver, mercury, and chromate. Menaquinone was recovered in concentrations comparable to those previously found in gram-negative sulfate reducers. Profiles of the phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids indicated that both the anaerobic desaturase and the branched pathways for fatty acid biosynthesis were operative. The organism contained three lipopolysaccharide hydroxy fatty acids which have not been previously reported in microorganisms, but have been observed in anaerobic freshwater sediments. The 16S rRNA sequence indicated that this organism belongs in the delta proteobacteria. Its closest known relative is Desulfuromonas acetoxidans. The name Geobacter metallireducens is proposed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8387263?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>