@article {486,
	title = {Characterization of extracellular minerals produced during dissimilatory Fe(III) and U(VI) reduction at 100 degrees C by Pyrobaculum islandicum.},
	journal = {Geobiology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008 Mar},
	pages = {147-54},
	abstract = {In order to gain insight into the significance of biotic metal reduction and mineral formation in hyperthermophilic environments, metal mineralization as a result of the dissimilatory reduction of poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide, and U(VI) reduction at 100 degrees C by Pyrobaculum islandicum was investigated. When P. islandicum was grown in a medium with poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide as an electron acceptor and hydrogen as an electron donor, the Fe(III) oxide was reduced to an extracellular, ultrafine-grained magnetite with characteristics similar to that found in some hot environments and that was previously thought to be of abiotic origin. Furthermore, cell suspensions of P. islandicum rapidly reduced the soluble and oxidized form of uranium, U(VI), to extracellular precipitates of the highly insoluble U(IV) mineral, uraninite (UO(2)). The reduction of U(VI) was dependent on the presence of hydrogen as the electron donor. These findings suggest that microbes may play a key role in metal deposition in hyperthermophilic environments and provide a plausible explanation for such phenomena as magnetite accumulation and formation of uranium deposits at ca. 100 degrees C.},
	keywords = {Ferric Compounds, Ferumoxytol, Hot Temperature, Hydrogen, Minerals, Oxidation-Reduction, Pyrobaculum, Uranium, X-Ray Diffraction},
	issn = {1472-4669},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1472-4669.2007.00142.x},
	author = {Kashefi, K and Moskowitz, B M and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {523,
	title = {Harvesting energy from the marine sediment-water interface II. Kinetic activity of anode materials.},
	journal = {Biosens Bioelectron},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006 May 15},
	pages = {2058-63},
	abstract = {Here, we report a comparative study on the kinetic activity of various anodes of a recently described microbial fuel cell consisting of an anode imbedded in marine sediment and a cathode in overlying seawater. Using plain graphite anodes, it was demonstrated that a significant portion of the anodic current results from oxidation of sediment organic matter catalyzed by microorganisms colonizing the anode and capable of directly reducing the anode without added exogenous electron-transfer mediators. Here, graphite anodes incorporating microbial oxidants are evaluated in the laboratory relative to plain graphite with the goal of increasing power density by increasing current density. Anodes evaluated include graphite modified by adsorption of anthraquinone-1,6-disulfonic acid (AQDS) or 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ), a graphite-ceramic composite containing Mn2+ and Ni2+, and graphite modified with a graphite paste containing Fe3O4 or Fe3O4 and Ni2+. It was found that these anodes possess between 1.5- and 2.2-fold greater kinetic activity than plain graphite. Fuel cells were deployed in a coastal site near Tuckerton, NJ (USA) that utilized two of these anodes. These fuel cells generated ca. 5-fold greater current density than a previously characterized fuel cell equipped with a plain graphite anode, and operated at the same site.},
	keywords = {Electrochemistry, Electrodes, Energy-Generating Resources, Ferumoxytol, Geologic Sediments, Kinetics, Oceans and Seas, Seawater},
	issn = {0956-5663},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bios.2006.01.033},
	author = {Lowy, Daniel A and Tender, Leonard M and Zeikus, J Gregory and Park, Doo Hyun and Lovley, Derek R}
}
