@article {3093,
	title = {Biofilm Formation by Clostridium ljungdahlii Is Induced by Sodium Chloride Stress: Experimental Evaluation and Transcriptome Analysis.},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2017},
	month = {2017},
	pages = {e0170406},
	abstract = {<p>The acetogen Clostridium ljungdahlii is capable of syngas fermentation and microbial electrosynthesis. Biofilm formation could benefit both these applications, but was not yet reported for C. ljungdahlii. Biofilm formation does not occur under standard growth conditions, but attachment or aggregation could be induced by different stresses. The strongest biofilm formation was observed with the addition of sodium chloride. After 3 days of incubation, the biomass volume attached to a plastic surface was 20 times higher with than without the addition of 200 mM NaCl to the medium. The addition of NaCl also resulted in biofilm formation on glass, graphite and glassy carbon, the latter two being often used electrode materials for microbial electrosynthesis. Biofilms were composed of extracellular proteins, polysaccharides, as well as DNA, while pilus-like appendages were observed with, but not without, the addition of NaCl. A transcriptome analysis comparing planktonic (no NaCl) and biofilm (NaCl addition) cells showed that C. ljungdahlii coped with the salt stress by the upregulation of the general stress response, Na+ export and osmoprotectant accumulation. A potential role for poly-N-acetylglucosamines and D-alanine in biofilm formation was found. Flagellar motility was downregulated, while putative type IV pili biosynthesis genes were not expressed. Moreover, the gene expression analysis suggested the involvement of the transcriptional regulators LexA, Spo0A and CcpA in stress response and biofilm formation. This study showed that NaCl addition might be a valuable strategy to induce biofilm formation by C. ljungdahlii, which can improve the efficacy of syngas fermentation and microbial electrosynthesis applications.</p>},
	keywords = {Biofilms, Biomass, Carbon, Clostridium, Culture Media, Culture Techniques, Fimbriae, Bacterial, Flagella, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Glass, Graphite, Osmotic Pressure, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, Sodium Chloride, Spores, Bacterial, Stress, Physiological},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0170406},
	author = {Philips, Jo and Rabaey, Korneel and Lovley, Derek R and Vargas, Madeline}
}
@article {442,
	title = {Production of pilus-like filaments in Geobacter sulfurreducens in the absence of the type IV pilin protein PilA.},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiol Lett},
	volume = {310},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010 Sep 1},
	pages = {62-8},
	abstract = {The pili of Geobacter sulfurreducens are of interest because of the apparent importance of the type IV pili in extracellular electron transfer. A strain of G. sulfurreducens, designated strain MA, produced many more pili than the previously studied DL-1 strain even though genome resequencing indicated that the MA and DL-1 genome sequences were identical. Filaments that looked similar to type IV pili in transmission electron micrographs were abundant even after the gene encoding PilA, the structural pilin protein, was deleted. The results of proteinase K treatment indicated that the filaments were proteinaceous. The simultaneous deletion of several genes encoding homologues of type II pseudopilins was required before the filaments were significantly depleted. The pilA-deficient MA strain attached to glass as well as the wild-type MA did, but strains in which three or four pseudopilin genes were deleted in addition to pilA had impaired attachment capabilities. These results demonstrate that there are several proteins that can yield pilin-like filaments in G. sulfurreducens and that some means other than microscopic observation is required before the composition of filaments can be unambiguously specified.},
	keywords = {Bacterial Adhesion, Fimbriae Proteins, Fimbriae, Bacterial, Gene Deletion, Geobacter, Glass, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission},
	issn = {1574-6968},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02046.x},
	author = {Klimes, Anna and Franks, Ashley E and Glaven, Richard H and Tran, Hoa and Barrett, Christian L and Qiu, Yu and Zengler, Karsten and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {737,
	title = {Fast disinfecting antimicrobial surfaces.},
	journal = {Langmuir},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009 Jan 20},
	pages = {1060-7},
	abstract = {Silicon wafers and glass surfaces were functionalized with facially amphiphilic antimicrobial copolymers using the "grafting from" technique. Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used to grow poly(butylmethacrylate)-co-poly(Boc-aminoethyl methacrylate) from the surfaces. Upon Boc-deprotection, these surfaces became highly antimicrobial and killed S. aureus and E. coli 100\% in less than 5 min. The molecular weight and grafting density of the polymer were controlled by varying the polymerization time and initiator surface density. Antimicrobial studies showed that the killing efficiency of these surfaces was independent of polymer layer thickness or grafting density within the range of surfaces studied.},
	keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents, Escherichia coli, Glass, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Molecular Structure, Particle Size, Polymethacrylic Acids, Silicon, Staphylococcus aureus, Surface Properties},
	issn = {0743-7463},
	doi = {10.1021/la802953v},
	author = {Madkour, Ahmad E and Dabkowski, Jeffery M and Nusslein, Klaus and Tew, Gregory N}
}
