@article {1737, title = {Methane cycling. Nonequilibrium clumped isotope signals in microbial methane.}, journal = {Science}, volume = {348}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Apr 24}, pages = {428-31}, abstract = {

Methane is a key component in the global carbon cycle, with a wide range of anthropogenic and natural sources. Although isotopic compositions of methane have traditionally aided source identification, the abundance of its multiply substituted "clumped" isotopologues (for example, (13)CH3D) has recently emerged as a proxy for determining methane-formation temperatures. However, the effect of biological processes on methane{\textquoteright}s clumped isotopologue signature is poorly constrained. We show that methanogenesis proceeding at relatively high rates in cattle, surface environments, and laboratory cultures exerts kinetic control on (13)CH3D abundances and results in anomalously elevated formation-temperature estimates. We demonstrate quantitatively that H2 availability accounts for this effect. Clumped methane thermometry can therefore provide constraints on the generation of methane in diverse settings, including continental serpentinization sites and ancient, deep groundwaters.

}, keywords = {Animals, Carbon Cycle, Carbon Isotopes, Cattle, Groundwater, Hydrogen, Methane, Methanomicrobiales, Temperature}, issn = {1095-9203}, doi = {10.1126/science.aaa4326}, author = {Wang, David T and Gruen, Danielle S and Lollar, Barbara Sherwood and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Stewart, Lucy C and Holden, James F and Hristov, Alexander N and Pohlman, John W and Morrill, Penny L and K{\"o}nneke, Martin and Delwiche, Kyle B and Reeves, Eoghan P and Sutcliffe, Chelsea N and Ritter, Daniel J and Seewald, Jeffrey S and McIntosh, Jennifer C and Hemond, Harold F and Kubo, Michael D and Cardace, Dawn and Hoehler, Tori M and Ono, Shuhei} } @article {1423, title = {Conversion of the Amazon rainforest to agriculture results in biotic homogenization of soil bacterial communities.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {110}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Jan 15}, pages = {988-93}, abstract = {

The Amazon rainforest is the Earth\&$\#$39;s largest reservoir of plant and animal diversity, and it has been subjected to especially high rates of land use change, primarily to cattle pasture. This conversion has had a strongly negative effect on biological diversity, reducing the number of plant and animal species and homogenizing communities. We report here that microbial biodiversity also responds strongly to conversion of the Amazon rainforest, but in a manner different from plants and animals. Local taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of soil bacteria increases after conversion, but communities become more similar across space. This homogenization is driven by the loss of forest soil bacteria with restricted ranges (endemics) and results in a net loss of diversity. This study shows homogenization of microbial communities in response to human activities. Given that soil microbes represent the majority of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems and are intimately involved in ecosystem functions, we argue that microbial biodiversity loss should be taken into account when assessing the impact of land use change in tropical forests.

}, keywords = {Agriculture, Animals, Bacteria, Biodiversity, Brazil, Cattle, Ecosystem, Humans, Phylogeny, Rain, Soil Microbiology, Trees, Tropical Climate}, issn = {1091-6490}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1220608110}, author = {Rodrigues, Jorge L M and Pellizari, Vivian H and Mueller, Rebecca and Baek, Kyunghwa and Jesus, Ederson da C and Paula, Fabiana S and Mirza, Babur and Hamaoui, George S and Tsai, Siu Mui and Feigl, Brigitte and Tiedje, James M and Bohannan, Brendan J M and N{\"u}sslein, Klaus} } @article {785, title = {Lone star tick-infecting borreliae are most closely related to the agent of bovine borreliosis.}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {39}, year = {2001}, month = {2001 Feb}, pages = {494-7}, abstract = {Although Borrelia theileri, the agent of bovine borreliosis, was described at the turn of the century (in 1903), its relationship with borreliae causing Lyme disease or relapsing fever remains undescribed. We tested the previously published hypothesis that spirochetes infecting Lone Star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) may comprise B. theileri by analyzing the 16S ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs) and flagellin genes of these spirochetes. B. theileri, the Amblyomma agent, and B. miyamotoi formed a natural group or clade distinct from but most closely related to that of the relapsing fever spirochetes. B. theileri and the Amblyomma agent were 97 and 98\% similar at the nucleotide level within the analyzed portions of the 16S rDNA and the flagellin gene respectively, suggesting a recent divergence. The agent of bovine borreliosis might be explored as a surrogate antigen for the as-yet-uncultivatable Amblyomma agent in studies designed to explore the etiology of a Lyme disease-like infection associated with Lone Star ticks.}, keywords = {Animals, Borrelia, Borrelia Infections, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Flagellin, Humans, Lyme Disease, Phylogeny, Relapsing Fever, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Species Specificity, Tick-Borne Diseases, Ticks}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.39.2.494-497.2001}, author = {Rich, S M and Armstrong, P M and Smith, R D and Telford, S R} } @article {787, title = {Extensive polymorphism in Cryptosporidium parvum identified by multilocus microsatellite analysis.}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {66}, year = {2000}, month = {2000 Aug}, pages = {3344-9}, abstract = {Restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequence analysis discern two main types of Cryptosporidium parvum. We present a survey of length polymorphism at several microsatellite loci for type 1 and type 2 isolates. A total of 14 microsatellite loci were identified from C. parvum DNA sequences deposited in public databases. All repeats were mono-, di-, and trinucleotide repeats of A, AT, and AAT, reflecting the high AT content of the C. parvum genome. Several of these loci showed significant length polymorphism, with as many as seven alleles identified for a single locus. Differences between alleles ranged from 1 to 27 bp. Karyotype analysis using probes flanking three microsatellites localized each marker to an individual chromosomal band, suggesting that these markers are single copy. In a sample of 19 isolates for which at least three microsatellites were typed, a majority of isolates displayed a unique multilocus fingerprint. Microsatellite analysis of isolates passaged between different host species identified genotypic changes consistent with changes in parasite populations.}, keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Cattle, Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium parvum, DNA, Protozoan, Humans, Karyotyping, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Microsatellite Repeats, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Genetic, Sequence Analysis, DNA}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Feng, X and Rich, S M and Akiyoshi, D and Tumwine, J K and Kekitiinwa, A and Nabukeera, N and Tzipori, S and Widmer, G} } @article {390, title = {Altered phosphorylation/inactivation of a novel pyruvate dehydrogenase in adult Ascaris suum muscle.}, journal = {Mol Biochem Parasitol}, volume = {90}, year = {1997}, month = {1997 Dec 1}, pages = {323-6}, keywords = {Animals, Ascaris suum, Cattle, Kidney, Muscles, Phosphorylation, Protein Kinases, Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide), Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex}, issn = {0166-6851}, author = {Klingbeil, M M and Walker, D J and Huang, Y J and Komuniecki, R} } @article {705, title = {Relationship between expression of epidermal growth factor and simian virus 40 T antigen in a line of transgenic mice.}, journal = {Transgenic Res}, volume = {4}, year = {1995}, month = {1995 Sep}, pages = {306-14}, abstract = {The pattern of expression of the simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen gene and resultant dysplasia were re-examined in a line of transgenic mice in which the T antigen gene was under the control of the SV40 early promoter. We found that T antigen expression in the kidney, and resulting dysplastic lesions, occurred exclusively in the distal convoluted tubules and the ascending limbs of Henle. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) expression in the kidney of normal mice was similarly immunolocalized. The correlation between high EGF immunoreactivity in normal mouse tissues and T antigen expression in the transgenic counterpart was also seen in the choroid plexus epithelium and in the submandibular glands of male mice. T antigen was not found in the submandibular gland of transgenic females. Similarly, EGF was only rarely detected in the normal female submandibular gland. In contrast to the correlation between T antigen expression in the transgenic mice and EGF expression in the corresponding tissues of the normal mice, within the dysplastic lesions of the transgenic mice EGF expression was severely diminished. Adenocarcinomas of the male submandibular gland from another line of transgenic mice that expresses the Int-1 transgene, showed similarly reduced levels of immunostaining for EGF. Thus, reduced expression of EGF might be a general feature of dysplasia and tumorigenesis in those tissues that normally express EGF.}, keywords = {Adenocarcinoma, Animals, Antigens, Viral, Tumor, Cattle, Choroid Plexus, Cricetinae, Epidermal Growth Factor, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Kidney, Kidney Tubules, Distal, Male, Mice, Mice, Transgenic, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Simian virus 40, Submandibular Gland, Submandibular Gland Neoplasms, Wnt Proteins, Wnt1 Protein, Zebrafish Proteins}, issn = {0962-8819}, author = {Lafond, R E and Giammalvo, J T and Norkin, L C} } @article {670, title = {Rapidly growing rumen methanogenic organism that synthesizes coenzyme M and has a high affinity for formate.}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {48}, year = {1984}, month = {1984 Jul}, pages = {81-7}, abstract = {Methanogenic bacteria with a coccobacillus morphology similar to Methanobrevibacter ruminantium were isolated from the bovine rumen. One isolate, 10-16B, represented a previously undescribed rumen population that, unlike M. ruminantium, synthesized coenzyme M, grew rapidly (mu = 0.24 h-1) on H2-CO2 in a complex medium, had simple nutritional requirements, and metabolized formate at reported rumen concentrations. H2 was metabolized to partial pressures 10-fold lower than those reported for the rumen. After H2 starvation for 26 h, strain 10-16B rapidly resumed growth when H2 was made available. The minimum concentrations of acetate (6 mM) and ammonia (less than 7 mM) that were required for optimal growth were lower than the reported acetate and ammonia concentrations in the rumen. Isoleucine and leucine stimulated growth, but only at concentrations (greater than 50 microM) higher than those reported for the rumen. Another coccobacillary methanogenic organism that synthesized coenzyme M was isolated from a different animal as were organisms that required an exogenous supply of coenzyme M. In general, methanogenic bacteria that required an exogenous supply of coenzyme M had lower maximum growth rates and more complex nutritional requirements than organisms that synthesized the cofactor. The ability of all isolates to metabolize formate below the detection limit of 10 microM indicated that, in contrast to previous reports, methanogenic bacteria have the potential to directly metabolize formate in the rumen. This study demonstrated that there are physiologically diverse populations of coccobacillary methanogenic bacteria in the rumen that can interact competitively and cooperatively.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Culture Media, Enzyme Induction, Euryarchaeota, Formates, Hydrogen, Male, Mercaptoethanol, Mesna, Rumen, Substrate Specificity}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Lovley, D R and Greening, R C and Ferry, J G} } @article {1740, title = {[Acid and alkaline denaturation of superoxide dismutase].}, journal = {Biofizika}, volume = {20}, year = {1975}, month = {1975 Sep-Oct}, pages = {783-7}, abstract = {

Optical and ESR spectra of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase denaturated with acid and alkali are described. Sharp changes in activity and spectra were found. "Residual" activity of alkaline denaturated protein was higher than of acidic denaturated sample. It is suggested that covalent bonding copper-nitrogen is essential for superoxide dismutase activity of the protein or synthetic copper complexes.

}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Erythrocytes, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, In Vitro Techniques, Protein Denaturation, Superoxide Dismutase}, issn = {0006-3029}, author = {Simonian, M A and Nalbandian, R M} } @article {1723, title = {Ecological observation of the 137Cs-contamination in beef of animals from the southern-Bavarian area.}, journal = {Environ Qual Saf}, volume = {4}, year = {1975}, month = {1975}, pages = {24-36}, abstract = {

Certain climatic and edaphic conformations in the Bavarian sub-alpine mountains and in the Alps favor above all the development of a land utilization system and farm structures similar to those in the northern part of Scandinavia. In 1963/64, the years of the highest environmental contamination up to the present, we established in 600 beef samples from the round or shoulder of male and female cattle (mainly Highland cattle) close connections between the 137Cs-contamination of green crop and the long lastnig yearly precipitation quantities, as well as certain relations between the 137Cs-contamination of meat and differences in the feeding and keeping of the animals. During summer-seasons (April-October), beef of cattle from pastures with heavy rainfall (Alps) was contaiminated by 137Cs up to 15 times more than that of confined animals. Hereby the rate of 137Cs-contamination in the meat of grazing cattle was nearly proportional to the quantities of precipitation. When confined cattle were fed on pastures in autumn after harvesting for 2 to 3 weeks, a quick increase of 137Cs-contamination of the meat was caused within this time up to values which in this district were otherwise only observed in grazing cattle. The lower 137Cs-content in meat of cattle housed during the summer season is due to the more varied fodder, which is at that time less contaminated than green crop. During the winter season (November to March), the highest contaminations in the meat of confined (Bohemian Forest) or grazing cattle (Alps) was measured when the animals in these districts were almost exclusively fed with fodder from the own farmground or with leafy silage. The highest contamination was almost regularly noticed in January, February and March, as generally during these months the highly contaminated first cut hay is fed. Here the meat was often even more contaminated than that of grazing cattle. After the quick decrease of 137Cs in fallout noticed in the years 1964 and 1965, in 1965/66 a dependance in the 137Cs-contamination of beef on the methods of keeping and feeding could still be observed in only the extreme cases (Alps, Bavarian- and Bohemian Forest); though in general, meat of animals from districts with heavy rainfall was slightly more contaminated than meat of animals from regions with less precipitation.

}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cesium Radioisotopes, Ecology, Food Contamination, Radioactive, Fungi, Germany, West, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Meat, Plants, Radioactive Pollutants, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Time Factors, Trees, Weather}, issn = {0300-824X}, author = {Kreuzer, W} } @article {1719, title = {Metal substitutions incarbonic anhydrase: a halide ion probe study.}, journal = {Biochem Biophys Res Commun}, volume = {66}, year = {1975}, month = {1975 Oct 27}, pages = {1281-6}, keywords = {Animals, Binding Sites, Cadmium, Carbonic Anhydrases, Cattle, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mercury, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Zinc}, issn = {0006-291X}, author = {Smith, R J and Bryant, R G} }