@article {771,
	title = {An expectation maximization approach to estimate malaria haplotype frequencies in multiply infected children.},
	journal = {Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {Article33},
	abstract = {Characterizing genetic variability in the human pathogenic Plasmodium species, the group of parasites that cause Malaria, may have broad global health implications. Specifically, discerning the combinations of mutations that lead to viable parasites and the population level frequencies of these clonal sequences will allow for targeted vaccine development and individualized treatment choices. This presents an analytical challenge, however, since haplotypic phase (i.e. the alignment of bases on a single DNA strand) is generally unobservable in multiply infected individuals. This manuscript describes an expectation maximization (EM) approach to maximum likelihood estimation of haplotype frequencies in this missing data setting. The approach is applied to a cohort of N=341 malaria infected children in Uganda, Cameroon and Sudan to characterize regional differences. A simulation study is also presented to characterize method performance and assess sensitivity to distributional assumptions.},
	keywords = {Animals, Child, Gene Frequency, Genotype, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Malaria, Malaria Vaccines, Mutation, Plasmodium},
	issn = {1544-6115},
	doi = {10.2202/1544-6115.1321},
	author = {Li, Xiaohong and Foulkes, Andrea S and Yucel, Recai M and Rich, Stephen M}
}
@article {778,
	title = {Production and characterization of protective human antibodies against Shiga toxin 1.},
	journal = {Infect Immun},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Oct},
	pages = {5896-9},
	abstract = {Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a serious complication which is predominantly associated in children with infection by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). By using HuMAb-Mouse (Medarex) animals, human monoclonal antibodies (Hu-MAbs) were developed against Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) for passive immunotherapy of HUS. Ten stable hybridomas comprised of fully human heavy- and light-chain immunoglobulin elements and secreting Stx1-specific Hu-MAbs (seven immunoglobulin M(kappa)() [IgM(kappa)] elements [one specific for the A subunit and six specific for the B subunit] and three IgG1(kappa) elements specific for subunit B) were isolated. Two IgM(kappa) Hu-MAbs (2D9 and 15G9) and three IgG1(kappa) Hu-MAbs (5A4, 10F4, and 15G2), all specific for subunit B, demonstrated marked neutralization of Stx1 in vitro and significant prolongation of survival in a murine model of Stx1 toxicosis.},
	keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Child, Escherichia coli, Female, HeLa Cells, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Humans, Hybridomas, Immunization, Passive, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Mice, Neutralization Tests, Shiga Toxin 1},
	issn = {0019-9567},
	author = {Mukherjee, Jean and Chios, Kerry and Fishwild, Dianne and Hudson, Deborah and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Susan and Rich, Stephen M and Donohue-Rolfe, Arthur and Tzipori, Saul}
}
