@article {739,
	title = {Comparison of facially amphiphilic versus segregated monomers in the design of antibacterial copolymers.},
	journal = {Chemistry},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {433-9},
	abstract = {A direct comparison of two strategies for designing antimicrobial polymers is presented. Previously, we published several reports on the use of facially amphiphilic (FA) monomers which led to polynorbornenes with excellent antimicrobial activities and selectivities. Our polymers obtained by copolymerization of structurally similar segregated monomers, in which cationic and non-polar moieties reside on separate repeat units, led to polymers with less pronounced activities. A wide range of polymer amphiphilicities was surveyed by pairing a cationic oxanorbornene with eleven different non-polar monomers and varying the comonomer feed ratios. Their properties were tested using antimicrobial assays and copolymers possessing intermediate hydrophobicities were the most active. Polymer-induced leakage of dye-filled liposomes and microscopy of polymer-treated bacteria support a membrane-based mode of action. From these results there appears to be profound differences in how a polymer made from FA monomers interacts with the phospholipid bilayer compared with copolymers from segregated monomers. We conclude that a well-defined spatial relationship of the whole polymer is crucial to obtain synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs): charged and non-polar moieties need to be balanced locally, for example, at the monomer level, and not just globally. We advocate the use of FA monomers for better control of biological properties. It is expected that this principle will be usefully applied to other backbones such as the polyacrylates, polystyrenes, and non-natural polyamides.},
	keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacteria, Cell Membrane, Drug Design, Hemolysis, Plastics, Polymers, Surface-Active Agents},
	issn = {1521-3765},
	doi = {10.1002/chem.200801233},
	author = {Gabriel, Gregory J and Maegerlein, Janet A and Nelson, Christopher F and Dabkowski, Jeffrey M and Eren, Tarik and N{\"u}sslein, Klaus and Tew, Gregory N}
}
@article {741,
	title = {Investigating the effect of increasing charge density on the hemolytic activity of synthetic antimicrobial polymers.},
	journal = {Biomacromolecules},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008 Oct},
	pages = {2805-10},
	abstract = {The current study is aimed at investigating the effect of fine-tuning the cationic character of synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs) on the hemolytic and antibacterial activities. A series of novel norbornene monomers that carry one, two, or three Boc-protected amine functionalities was prepared. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of the monomers, followed by deprotection of the amine groups resulted in cationic antimicrobial polynorbornenes that carry one, two, and three charges per monomer repeat unit. Increasing the number of amine groups on the most hydrophobic polymer reduced its hemolytic activity significantly. To understand the membrane activity of these polymers, we conducted dye leakage experiments on lipid vesicles that mimic bacteria and red blood cell membranes, and these results showed a strong correlation with the hemolysis data.},
	keywords = {Amines, Anti-Infective Agents, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Drug Design, Erythrocytes, Escherichia coli, Hemolysis, Humans, Lipids, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Models, Chemical, Peptides, Polymers, Staphylococcus aureus},
	issn = {1526-4602},
	doi = {10.1021/bm800569x},
	author = {Al-Badri, Zoha M and Som, Abhigyan and Lyon, Sarah and Nelson, Christopher F and N{\"u}sslein, Klaus and Tew, Gregory N}
}
