@article {540,
	title = {Evidence for involvement of an electron shuttle in electricity generation by Geothrix fermentans.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005 Apr},
	pages = {2186-9},
	abstract = {In experiments performed using graphite electrodes poised by a potentiostat (+200 mV versus Ag/AgCl) or in a microbial fuel cell (with oxygen as the electron acceptor), the Fe(III)-reducing organism Geothrix fermentans conserved energy to support growth by coupling the complete oxidation of acetate to reduction of a graphite electrode. Other organic compounds, such as lactate, malate, propionate, and succinate as well as components of peptone and yeast extract, were utilized for electricity production. However, electrical characteristics and the results of shuttling assays indicated that unlike previously described electrode-reducing microorganisms, G. fermentans produced a compound that promoted electrode reduction. This is the first report of complete oxidation of organic compounds linked to electrode reduction by an isolate outside of the Proteobacteria.},
	keywords = {Acetates, Bacteria, Bioelectric Energy Sources, Electricity, Electrodes, Electron Transport, Graphite, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Oxidation-Reduction},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.4.2186-2189.2005},
	author = {Bond, Daniel R and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {546,
	title = {Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Oct},
	pages = {6023-30},
	abstract = {Previous studies have shown that members of the family Geobacteraceae that attach to the anodes of sediment fuel cells are directly involved in harvesting electricity by oxidizing organic compounds to carbon dioxide and transferring the electrons to the anode. In order to learn more about this process, microorganisms from the anode surface of a marine sediment fuel cell were enriched and isolated with Fe(III) oxide. Two unique marine isolates were recovered, strains A1(T) and A2. They are gram-negative, nonmotile rods, with abundant c-type cytochromes. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA, recA, gyrB, fusA, rpoB, and nifD genes indicated that strains A1(T) and A2 represent a unique phylogenetic cluster within the Geobacteraceae. Both strains were able to grow with an electrode serving as the sole electron acceptor and transferred ca. 90\% of the electrons available in their organic electron donors to the electrodes. These organisms are the first psychrotolerant members of the Geobacteraceae reported thus far and can grow at temperatures between 4 and 30 degrees C, with an optimum temperature of 22 degrees C. Strains A1(T) and A2 can utilize a wide range of traditional electron acceptors, including all forms of soluble and insoluble Fe(III) tested, anthraquinone 2,6-disulfonate, and S(0). In addition to acetate, both strains can utilize a number of other organic acids, amino acids, long-chain fatty acids, and aromatic compounds to support growth with Fe(III) nitrilotriacetic acid as an electron acceptor. The metabolism of these organisms differs in that only strain A1(T) can use acetoin, ethanol, and hydrogen as electron donors, whereas only strain A2 can use lactate, propionate, and butyrate. The name Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed for strains A1(T) and A2, with strain A1(T) (ATCC BAA-880(T); DSM 16401(T); JCM 12469) as the type strain. Strains A1(T) and A2 (ATCC BAA-770; JCM 12470) represent the first organisms recovered from anodes that can effectively couple the oxidation of organic compounds to an electrode. Thus, they may serve as important model organisms for further elucidation of the mechanisms of microbe-electrode electron transfer in sediment fuel cells.},
	keywords = {Bioelectric Energy Sources, Cytochromes, Deltaproteobacteria, Electron Transport, Genes, Bacterial, Geologic Sediments, Microscopy, Electron, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Temperature},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004},
	author = {Holmes, Dawn E and Nicoll, Julie S and Bond, Daniel R and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {580,
	title = {Harnessing microbially generated power on the seafloor.},
	journal = {Nat Biotechnol},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Aug},
	pages = {821-5},
	abstract = {In many marine environments, a voltage gradient exists across the water sediment interface resulting from sedimentary microbial activity. Here we show that a fuel cell consisting of an anode embedded in marine sediment and a cathode in overlying seawater can use this voltage gradient to generate electrical power in situ. Fuel cells of this design generated sustained power in a boat basin carved into a salt marsh near Tuckerton, New Jersey, and in the Yaquina Bay Estuary near Newport, Oregon. Retrieval and analysis of the Tuckerton fuel cell indicates that power generation results from at least two anode reactions: oxidation of sediment sulfide (a by-product of microbial oxidation of sedimentary organic carbon) and oxidation of sedimentary organic carbon catalyzed by microorganisms colonizing the anode. These results demonstrate in real marine environments a new form of power generation that uses an immense, renewable energy reservoir (sedimentary organic carbon) and has near-immediate application.},
	keywords = {Bacteria, Bioelectric Energy Sources, Biotechnology, Carbon, Conservation of Energy Resources, DNA, Ribosomal, Electricity, Electrodes, Environmental Microbiology, Geologic Sediments, Molecular Sequence Data, New Jersey, Oceans and Seas, Oregon, Oxidation-Reduction, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sulfides},
	issn = {1087-0156},
	doi = {10.1038/nbt716},
	author = {Tender, Leonard M and Reimers, Clare E and Stecher, Hilmar A and Holmes, Dawn E and Bond, Daniel R and Lowy, Daniel A and Pilobello, Kanoelani and Fertig, Stephanie J and Lovley, Derek R}
}
