@article {601,
	title = {Geobacter hydrogenophilus, Geobacter chapellei and Geobacter grbiciae, three new, strictly anaerobic, dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducers.},
	journal = {Int J Syst Evol Microbiol},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001 Mar},
	pages = {581-8},
	abstract = {Recent studies on the diversity and ubiquity of Fe(III)-reducing organisms in different environments led to the isolation and identification of four new dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducers (strains H-2T, 172T, TACP-2T and TACP-5). All four isolates are non-motile, Gram-negative, freshwater, mesophilic, strict anaerobes with morphology identical to that of Geobacter metallireducens strain GS-15T. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences indicated that the new isolates belong to the genus Geobacter, in the delta-Proteobacteria. Significant differences in phenotypic characteristics, DNA-DNA homology and G+C content indicated that the four isolates represent three new species of the genus. The names Geobacter hydrogenophilus sp. nov. (strain H-2T), Geobacter chapellei sp. nov. (strain 172T) and Geobacter grbiciae sp. nov. (strains TACP-2T and TACP-5) are proposed. Geobacter hydrogenophilus and Geobacter chapellei were isolated from a petroleum-contaminated aquifer and a pristine, deep, subsurface aquifer, respectively. Geobacter grbiciae was isolated from aquatic sediments. All of the isolates can obtain energy for growth by coupling the oxidation of acetate to the reduction of Fe(III). The four isolates also coupled Fe(III) reduction to the oxidation of other simple, volatile fatty acids. In addition, Geobacter hydrogenophilus and Geobacter grbiciae were able to oxidize aromatic compounds such as benzoate, whilst Geobacter grbiciae was also able to use the monoaromatic hydrocarbon toluene.},
	keywords = {Base Composition, Deltaproteobacteria, Ferric Compounds, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Straight, Curved, and Helical Rods, Hydrocarbons, Iron, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Oxidation-Reduction, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	author = {Coates, J D and Bhupathiraju, V K and Achenbach, L A and Mclnerney, M J and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {616,
	title = {Geothrix fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Fe(III)-reducing bacterium from a hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer.},
	journal = {Int J Syst Bacteriol},
	volume = {49 Pt 4},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999 Oct},
	pages = {1615-22},
	abstract = {In an attempt to understand better the micro-organisms involved in anaerobic degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fe(III)-reducing zone of petroleum-contaminated aquifers, Fe(III)-reducing micro-organisms were isolated from contaminated aquifer material that had been adapted for rapid oxidation of toluene coupled to Fe(III) reduction. One of these organisms, strain H-5T, was enriched and isolated on acetate/Fe(III) medium. Strain H-5T is a Gram-negative strict anaerobe that grows with various simple organic acids such as acetate, propionate, lactate and fumarate as alternative electron donors with Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. In addition, strain H-5T also oxidizes long-chain fatty acids such as palmitate with Fe(III) as the sole electron acceptor. Strain H-5T can also grow by fermentation of citrate or fumarate in the absence of an alternative electron acceptor. The primary end-products of citrate fermentation are acetate and succinate. In addition to various forms of soluble and insoluble Fe(III), strain H-5T grows with nitrate, Mn(IV), fumarate and the humic acid analogue 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate as alternative electron acceptors. As with other organisms that can oxidize organic compounds completely with the reduction of Fe(III), cell suspensions of strain H-5T have absorbance maxima indicative of a c-type cytochrome(s). It is proposed that strain H-5T represents a novel genus in the Holophaga-Acidobacterium phylum and that it should be named Geothrix fermentans sp. nov., gen. nov.},
	keywords = {Biodegradation, Environmental, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Ribosomal, Ferric Compounds, Geologic Sediments, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Petroleum, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply},
	issn = {0020-7713},
	author = {Coates, J D and Ellis, D J and Gaw, C V and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {625,
	title = {Recovery of humic-reducing bacteria from a diversity of environments.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998 Apr},
	pages = {1504-9},
	abstract = {To evaluate which microorganisms might be responsible for microbial reduction of humic substances in sedimentary environments, humic-reducing bacteria were isolated from a variety of sediment types. These included lake sediments, pristine and contaminated wetland sediments, and marine sediments. In each of the sediment types, all of the humic reducers recovered with acetate as the electron donor and the humic substance analog, 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate (AQDS), as the electron acceptor were members of the family Geobacteraceae. This was true whether the AQDS-reducing bacteria were enriched prior to isolation on solid media or were recovered from the highest positive dilutions of sediments in liquid media. All of the isolates tested not only conserved energy to support growth from acetate oxidation coupled to AQDS reduction but also could oxidize acetate with highly purified soil humic acids as the sole electron acceptor. All of the isolates tested were also able to grow with Fe(III) serving as the sole electron acceptor. This is consistent with previous studies that have suggested that the capacity for Fe(III) reduction is a common feature of all members of the Geobacteraceae. These studies demonstrate that the potential for microbial humic substance reduction can be found in a wide variety of sediment types and suggest that Geobacteraceae species might be important humic-reducing organisms in sediments.},
	keywords = {Acetic Acid, Anthraquinones, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Electron Transport, Fresh Water, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Humic Substances, Iron, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Seawater, Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Coates, J D and Ellis, D J and Blunt-Harris, E L and Gaw, C V and Roden, E E and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {627,
	title = {Dissimilatory arsenate and sulfate reduction in Desulfotomaculum auripigmentum sp. nov.},
	journal = {Arch Microbiol},
	volume = {168},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997 Nov},
	pages = {380-8},
	abstract = {A newly discovered arsenate-reducing bacterium, strain OREX-4, differed significantly from strains MIT-13 and SES-3, the previously described arsenate-reducing isolates, which grew on nitrate but not on sulfate. In contrast, strain OREX-4 did not respire nitrate but grew on lactate, with either arsenate or sulfate serving as the electron acceptor, and even preferred arsenate. Both arsenate and sulfate reduction were inhibited by molybdate. Strain OREX-4, a gram-positive bacterium with a hexagonal S-layer on its cell wall, metabolized compounds commonly used by sulfate reducers. Scorodite (FeAsO42. H2O) an arsenate-containing mineral, provided micromolar concentrations of arsenate that supported cell growth. Physiologically and phylogenetically, strain OREX-4 was far-removed from strains MIT-13 and SES-3: strain OREX-4 grew on different electron donors and electron acceptors, and fell within the gram-positive group of the Bacteria, whereas MIT-13 and SES-3 fell together in the epsilon-subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Together, these results suggest that organisms spread among diverse bacterial phyla can use arsenate as a terminal electron acceptor, and that dissimilatory arsenate reduction might occur in the sulfidogenic zone at arsenate concentrations of environmental interest. 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that strain OREX-4 is a new species of the genus Desulfotomaculum, and accordingly, the name Desulfotomaculum auripigmentum is proposed.},
	keywords = {Arsenates, Bacteria, Anaerobic, Biotransformation, Geologic Sediments, Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Rods, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Substrate Specificity, Sulfates, Sulfides, Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	author = {Newman, D K and Kennedy, E K and Coates, J D and Ahmann, D and Ellis, D J and Lovley, D R and Morel, F M}
}
@article {633,
	title = {Isolation of Geobacter species from diverse sedimentary environments.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {62},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996 May},
	pages = {1531-6},
	abstract = {In an attempt to better understand the microorganisms responsible for Fe(III) reduction in sedimentary environments, Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms were enriched for and isolated from freshwater aquatic sediments, a pristine deep aquifer, and a petroleum-contaminated shallow aquifer. Enrichments were initiated with acetate or toluene as the electron donor and Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. Isolations were made with acetate or benzoate. Five new strains which could obtain energy for growth by dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction were isolated. All five isolates are gram-negative strict anaerobes which grow with acetate as the electron donor and Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence of the isolated organisms demonstrated that they all belonged to the genus Geobacter in the delta subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Unlike the type strain, Geobacter metallireducens, three of the five isolates could use H2 as an electron donor for Fe(III) reduction. The deep subsurface isolate is the first Fe(III) reducer shown to completely oxidize lactate to carbon dioxide, while one of the freshwater sediment isolates is only the second Fe(III) reducer known that can oxidize toluene. The isolation of these organisms demonstrates that Geobacter species are widely distributed in a diversity of sedimentary environments in which Fe(III) reduction is an important process.},
	keywords = {Base Sequence, Ferric Compounds, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Coates, J D and Phillips, E J and Lonergan, D J and Jenter, H and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {634,
	title = {Phylogenetic analysis of dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria.},
	journal = {J Bacteriol},
	volume = {178},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996 Apr},
	pages = {2402-8},
	abstract = {Evolutionary relationships among strictly anaerobic dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria obtained from a diversity of sedimentary environments were examined by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Members of the genera Geobacter, Desulfuromonas, Pelobacter, and Desulfuromusa formed a monophyletic group within the delta subdivision of the class Proteobacteria. On the basis of their common ancestry and the shared ability to reduce Fe(III) and/or S0, we propose that this group be considered a single family, Geobacteraceae. Bootstrap analysis, characteristic nucleotides, and higher-order secondary structures support the division of Geobacteraceae into two subgroups, designated the Geobacter and Desulfuromonas clusters. The genus Desulfuromusa and Pelobacter acidigallici make up a distinct branch within the Desulfuromonas cluster. Several members of the family Geobacteraceae, none of which reduce sulfate, were found to contain the target sequences of probes that have been previously used to define the distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacterium-like microorganisms. The recent isolations of Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms distributed throughout the domain Bacteria suggest that development of 16S rRNA probes that would specifically target all Fe(III) reducers may not be feasible. However, all of the evidence suggests that if a 16S rRNA sequence falls within the family Geobacteraceae, then the organism has the capacity for Fe(III) reduction. The suggestion, based on geological evidence, that Fe(III) reduction was the first globally significant process for oxidizing organic matter back to carbon dioxide is consistent with the finding that acetate-oxidizing Fe(III) reducers are phylogenetically diverse.},
	keywords = {Bacteria, Anaerobic, Base Sequence, DNA, Ribosomal, Ferric Compounds, Iron, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid},
	issn = {0021-9193},
	author = {Lonergan, D J and Jenter, H L and Coates, J D and Phillips, E J and Schmidt, T M and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {637,
	title = {Desulfuromonas palmitatis sp. nov., a marine dissimilatory Fe(III) reducer that can oxidize long-chain fatty acids.},
	journal = {Arch Microbiol},
	volume = {164},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995 Dec},
	pages = {406-13},
	abstract = {Studies on the microorganisms living in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments in San Diego Bay, California led to the isolation of a novel Fe(III)-reducing microorganism. This organism, designated strain SDBY1, was an obligately anaerobic, non-motile, non-flagellated, gram-negative rod. Strain SDBY1 conserves energy to support growth from the oxidation of acetate, lactate, succinate, fumarate, laurate, palmitate, or stearate. H2 was also oxidized with the reduction of Fe(III), but growth with H2 as the sole electron donor was not observed. In addition to various forms of soluble and insoluble Fe(III), strain SDBY1 also coupled growth to the reduction of fumarate, Mn(IV), or S0. Air-oxidized minus dithionite-reduced difference spectra exhibited peaks at 552.8, 523.6, and 422.8 nm, indicative of c-type cytochrome(s). Strain SDBY1 shares physiological characteristics with organisms in the genera Geobacter, Pelobacter, and Desulfuromonas. Detailed analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence indicated that strain SDBY1 should be placed in the genus Desulfuromonas. The new species name Desulfuromonas palmitatis is proposed. D. palmitatis is only the second marine organism found (after D. acetoxidans) to oxidize multicarbon organic compounds completely to carbon dioxide with Fe(III) as an electron acceptor and provides the first pure culture model for the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids coupled to Fe(III) reduction.},
	keywords = {Electron Transport, Fatty Acids, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Iron, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Oxidation-Reduction, Phylogeny, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	author = {Coates, J D and Lonergan, D J and Philips, E J and Jenter, H and Lovley, D R}
}
