@article {605,
	title = {Humics as an electron donor for anaerobic respiration.},
	journal = {Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999 Feb},
	pages = {89-98},
	abstract = {The possibility that microorganisms might use reduced humic substances (humics) as an electron donor for the reduction of electron acceptors with a more positive redox potential was investigated. All of the Fe(III)- and humics-reducing microorganisms evaluated were capable of oxidizing reduced humics and/or the reduced humics analogue anthrahydroquinone-2,6,-disulphonate (AHODS), with nitrate and/or fumarate as the electron acceptor. These included Geobacter metallireducens, Geobacter sulphurreducens, Geothrix fermentans, Shewanella alga, Wolinella succinogenes and {\textquoteright}S. barnesii{\textquoteright}. Several of the humics-oxidizing microorganisms grew in medium with AHQDS as the sole electron donor and fumarate as the electron acceptor. Even though it does not reduce Fe(III) or humics, Paracoccus denitrificans could use AHQDS and reduced humics as electron donors for denitrification. However, another denitrifier, Pseudomonas denitrificans, could not. AHODS could also serve as an electron donor for selenate and arsenate reduction by W. succinogenes. Electron spin resonance studies demonstrated that humics oxidation was associated with the oxidation of hydroquinone moieties in the humics. Studies with G. metallireducens and W. succinogenes demonstrated that the anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonate (AQDS)/AHQDS redox couple mediated an interspecies electron transfer between the two organisms. These results suggest that, as microbially reduced humics enter less reduced zones of soils and sediments, the reduced humics may serve as electron donors for microbial reduction of several environmentally significant electron acceptors.},
	keywords = {Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Anthraquinones, Arsenates, Bacteria, Electron Transport, Fumarates, Humic Substances, Selenium Compounds, Tumor Cells, Cultured},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	author = {Lovley, D R and Fraga, J L and Coates, J D and Blunt-Harris, E L}
}
@article {629,
	title = {Bioremediation of metal contamination.},
	journal = {Curr Opin Biotechnol},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997 Jun},
	pages = {285-9},
	abstract = {Recent studies have demonstrated that microbes might be used to remediate metal contamination by removing metals from contaminated water or waste streams, sequestering metals in soils and sediments or solubilizing metals to aid in their extraction. This is primarily accomplished either by biosorption of metals or enzymatically catalyzed changes in the metal redox state. Bioremediation of metals is still primarily a research problem with little large-scale application of this technology.},
	keywords = {Adsorption, Bacteria, Biomass, Biotechnology, Environmental Pollutants, Metals, Oxidation-Reduction},
	issn = {0958-1669},
	author = {Lovley, D R and Coates, J D}
}
@article {630,
	title = {Geovibrio ferrireducens, a phylogenetically distinct dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium.},
	journal = {Arch Microbiol},
	volume = {165},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996 Jun},
	pages = {370-6},
	abstract = {A new, phylogenetically distinct, dissimilatory, Fe(III)-reducing bacterium was isolated from surface sediment of a hydrocarbon-contaminated ditch. The isolate, designated strain PAL-1, was an obligately anaerobic, non-fermentative, motile, gram-negative vibrio. PAL-1 grew in a defined medium with acetate as electron donor and ferric pyrophosphate, ferric oxyhydroxide, ferric citrate, Co(III)-EDTA, or elemental sulfur as sole electron acceptor. PAL-1 also used proline, hydrogen, lactate, propionate, succinate, fumarate, pyruvate, or yeast extract as electron donors for Fe(III) reduction. It is the first bacterium known to couple the oxidation of an amino acid to Fe(III) reduction. PAl-1 did not reduce oxygen, Mn(IV), U(VI), Cr(VI), nitrate, sulfate, sulfite, or thiosulfate with acetate as the electron donor. Cell suspensions of PAL-1 exhibited dithionite-reduced minus air-oxidized difference spectra that were characteristic of c-type cytochromes. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of PAL-1 showed that the strain is not related to any of the described metal-reducing bacteria in the Proteobacteria and, together with Flexistipes sinusarabici, forms a separate line of descent within the Bacteria. Phenotypically and phylogenetically, strain PAl-1 differs from all other described bacteria, and represents the type strain of a new genus and species, Geovibrio ferrireducens.},
	keywords = {Bacteria, Base Composition, Iron, Phylogeny},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	author = {Caccavo, F and Coates, J D and Rossello-Mora, R A and Ludwig, W and Schleifer, K H and Lovley, D R and McInerney, M J}
}
