@article {513,
	title = {Microarray and genetic analysis of electron transfer to electrodes in Geobacter sulfurreducens.},
	journal = {Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006 Oct},
	pages = {1805-15},
	abstract = {Whole-genome analysis of gene expression in Geobacter sulfurreducens revealed 474 genes with transcript levels that were significantly different during growth with an electrode as the sole electron acceptor versus growth on Fe(III) citrate. The greatest response was a more than 19-fold increase in transcript levels for omcS, which encodes an outer-membrane cytochrome previously shown to be required for Fe(III) oxide reduction. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Northern analyses confirmed the higher levels of omcS transcripts, which increased as power production increased. Deletion of omcS inhibited current production that was restored when omcS was expressed in trans. Transcript expression and genetic analysis suggested that OmcE, another outer-membrane cytochrome, is also involved in electron transfer to electrodes. Surprisingly, genes for other proteins known to be important in Fe(III) reduction such as the outer-membrane c-type cytochrome, OmcB, and the electrically conductive pilin "nanowires" did not have higher transcript levels on electrodes, and deletion of the relevant genes did not inhibit power production. Changes in the transcriptome suggested that cells growing on electrodes were subjected to less oxidative stress than cells growing on Fe(III) citrate and that a number of genes annotated as encoding metal efflux proteins or proteins of unknown function may be important for growth on electrodes. These results demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to evaluate gene expression, and hence the metabolic state, of microorganisms growing on electrodes on a genome-wide basis and suggest that OmcS, and to a lesser extent OmcE, are important in electron transfer to electrodes. This has important implications for the design of electrode materials and the genetic engineering of microorganisms to improve the function of microbial fuel cells.},
	keywords = {Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins, Blotting, Northern, Cytochromes c, Electrodes, Electrophysiology, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Geobacter, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Oxidation-Reduction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Messenger},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01065.x},
	author = {Holmes, Dawn E and Chaudhuri, Swades K and Nevin, Kelly P and Mehta, Teena and Meth{\'e}, Barbara A and Liu, Anna and Ward, Joy E and Woodard, Trevor L and Webster, Jennifer and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {517,
	title = {A putative multicopper protein secreted by an atypical type II secretion system involved in the reduction of insoluble electron acceptors in Geobacter sulfurreducens.},
	journal = {Microbiology},
	volume = {152},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006 Aug},
	pages = {2257-64},
	abstract = {Extracellular electron transfer onto Fe(III) oxides in Geobacter sulfurreducens is considered to require proteins that must be exported to the outer surface of the cell. In order to investigate this, the putative gene for OxpG, the pseudopilin involved in a type II general secretion pathway of Gram-negative bacteria, was deleted. The mutant was unable to grow with insoluble Fe(III) oxide as the electron acceptor. Growth on soluble Fe(III) was not affected. An analysis of proteins that accumulated in the periplasm of the oxpG mutant, but not in the wild-type, led to the identification of a secreted protein, OmpB. OmpB is predicted to be a multicopper protein, with highest homology to the manganese oxidase, MofA, from Leptothrix discophora. OmpB contains a potential Fe(III)-binding site and a fibronectin type III domain, suggesting a possible role for this protein in accessing Fe(III) oxides. OmpB was localized to the membrane fraction of G. sulfurreducens and in the supernatant of growing cultures, consistent with the type II secretion system exporting OmpB. A mutant in which ompB was deleted had the same phenotype as the oxpG mutant, suggesting that the failure to export OmpB was responsible for the inability of the oxpG-deficient mutant to reduce Fe(III) oxide. This is the first report that proposes a role for a multicopper oxidase-like protein in an anaerobic organism. These results further emphasize the importance of outer-membrane proteins in Fe(III) oxide reduction and suggest that outer-membrane proteins other than c-type cytochromes are required for Fe(III) oxide reduction in Geobacter species.},
	keywords = {Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins, Electron Transport, Ferric Compounds, Fimbriae Proteins, Geobacter, Manganese Compounds, Mutation, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxides},
	issn = {1350-0872},
	doi = {10.1099/mic.0.28864-0},
	author = {Mehta, Teena and Childers, Susan E and Glaven, Richard and Lovley, Derek R and Mester, T{\"u}nde}
}
@article {535,
	title = {Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires.},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {435},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005 Jun 23},
	pages = {1098-101},
	abstract = {Microbes that can transfer electrons to extracellular electron acceptors, such as Fe(iii) oxides, are important in organic matter degradation and nutrient cycling in soils and sediments. Previous investigations on electron transfer to Fe(iii) have focused on the role of outer-membrane c-type cytochromes. However, some Fe(iii) reducers lack c-cytochromes. Geobacter species, which are the predominant Fe(iii) reducers in many environments, must directly contact Fe(iii) oxides to reduce them, and produce monolateral pili that were proposed, on the basis of the role of pili in other organisms, to aid in establishing contact with the Fe(iii) oxides. Here we report that a pilus-deficient mutant of Geobacter sulfurreducens could not reduce Fe(iii) oxides but could attach to them. Conducting-probe atomic force microscopy revealed that the pili were highly conductive. These results indicate that the pili of G. sulfurreducens might serve as biological nanowires, transferring electrons from the cell surface to the surface of Fe(iii) oxides. Electron transfer through pili indicates possibilities for other unique cell-surface and cell-cell interactions, and for bioengineering of novel conductive materials.},
	keywords = {Biotechnology, Electric Conductivity, Electron Transport, Ferric Compounds, Fimbriae Proteins, Fimbriae, Bacterial, Genes, Bacterial, Geobacter, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Mutation, Nanostructures, Phylogeny},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	doi = {10.1038/nature03661},
	author = {Reguera, Gemma and McCarthy, Kevin D and Mehta, Teena and Nicoll, Julie S and Tuominen, Mark T and Lovley, Derek R}
}
