@article {3048,
	title = {Microbial biofilms for electricity generation from water evaporation and power to wearables.},
	journal = {Nat Commun},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022 Jul 28},
	pages = {4369},
	abstract = {<p>Employing renewable materials for fabricating clean energy harvesting devices can further improve sustainability. Microorganisms can be mass produced with renewable feedstocks. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to engineer microbial biofilms as a cohesive, flexible material for long-term continuous electricity production from evaporating water. Single biofilm sheet (~40 {\textmu}m thick) serving as the functional component in an electronic device continuously produces power density (~1 μW/cm) higher than that achieved with thicker engineered materials. The energy output is comparable to that achieved with similar sized biofilms catalyzing current production in microbial fuel cells, without the need for an organic feedstock or maintaining cell viability. The biofilm can be sandwiched between a pair of mesh electrodes for scalable device integration and current production. The devices maintain the energy production in ionic solutions and can be used as skin-patch devices to harvest electricity from sweat and moisture on skin to continuously power wearable devices. Biofilms made from different microbial species show generic current production from water evaporation. These results suggest that we can harness the ubiquity of biofilms in nature as additional sources of biomaterial for evaporation-based electricity generation in diverse aqueous environments.</p>},
	keywords = {Bioelectric Energy Sources, Biofilms, Electricity, Electrodes, Water, Wearable Electronic Devices},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-32105-6},
	author = {Liu, Xiaomeng and Ueki, Toshiyuki and Gao, Hongyan and Woodard, Trevor L and Nevin, Kelly P and Fu, Tianda and Fu, Shuai and Sun, Lu and Lovley, Derek R and Yao, Jun}
}
@article {3107,
	title = {Protozoan grazing reduces the current output of microbial fuel cells.},
	journal = {Bioresour Technol},
	volume = {193},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015 Oct},
	pages = {8-14},
	abstract = {<p>Several experiments were conducted to determine whether protozoan grazing can reduce current output from sediment microbial fuel cells. When marine sediments were amended with eukaryotic inhibitors, the power output from the fuel cells increased 2-5-fold. Quantitative PCR showed that Geobacteraceae sequences were 120 times more abundant on anodes from treated fuel cells compared to untreated fuel cells, and that Spirotrichea sequences in untreated fuel cells were 200 times more abundant on anode surfaces than in the surrounding sediments. Defined studies with current-producing biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens and pure cultures of protozoa demonstrated that protozoa that were effective in consuming G. sulfurreducens reduced current production up to 91\% when added to G. sulfurreducens fuel cells. These results suggest that anode biofilms are an attractive food source for protozoa and that protozoan grazing can be an important factor limiting the current output of sediment microbial fuel cells.</p>},
	keywords = {Bioelectric Energy Sources, Biofilms, Electricity, Electrodes, Eukaryota, Geobacter, Geologic Sediments},
	issn = {1873-2976},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.056},
	author = {Holmes, Dawn E and Nevin, Kelly P and Snoeyenbos-West, Oona L and Woodard, Trevor L and Strickland, Justin N and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {462,
	title = {Anode biofilm transcriptomics reveals outer surface components essential for high density current production in Geobacter sulfurreducens fuel cells.},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {e5628},
	abstract = {The mechanisms by which Geobacter sulfurreducens transfers electrons through relatively thick (>50 microm) biofilms to electrodes acting as a sole electron acceptor were investigated. Biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens were grown either in flow-through systems with graphite anodes as the electron acceptor or on the same graphite surface, but with fumarate as the sole electron acceptor. Fumarate-grown biofilms were not immediately capable of significant current production, suggesting substantial physiological differences from current-producing biofilms. Microarray analysis revealed 13 genes in current-harvesting biofilms that had significantly higher transcript levels. The greatest increases were for pilA, the gene immediately downstream of pilA, and the genes for two outer c-type membrane cytochromes, OmcB and OmcZ. Down-regulated genes included the genes for the outer-membrane c-type cytochromes, OmcS and OmcT. Results of quantitative RT-PCR of gene transcript levels during biofilm growth were consistent with microarray results. OmcZ and the outer-surface c-type cytochrome, OmcE, were more abundant and OmcS was less abundant in current-harvesting cells. Strains in which pilA, the gene immediately downstream from pilA, omcB, omcS, omcE, or omcZ was deleted demonstrated that only deletion of pilA or omcZ severely inhibited current production and biofilm formation in current-harvesting mode. In contrast, these gene deletions had no impact on biofilm formation on graphite surfaces when fumarate served as the electron acceptor. These results suggest that biofilms grown harvesting current are specifically poised for electron transfer to electrodes and that, in addition to pili, OmcZ is a key component in electron transfer through differentiated G. sulfurreducens biofilms to electrodes.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins, Bioelectric Energy Sources, Biofilms, Cytochromes, Electrodes, Electron Transport, Fumarates, Gene Deletion, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Genetic Complementation Test, Geobacter, Microscopy, Confocal, Molecular Sequence Data, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Oxidation-Reduction, RNA, Messenger, Up-Regulation},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0005628},
	author = {Nevin, Kelly P and Kim, Byoung-Chan and Glaven, Richard H and Johnson, Jessica P and Woodard, Trevor L and Meth{\'e}, Barbara A and Didonato, Raymond J and Covalla, Sean F and Franks, Ashley E and Liu, Anna and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {475,
	title = {Graphite electrode as a sole electron donor for reductive dechlorination of tetrachlorethene by Geobacter lovleyi.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008 Oct},
	pages = {5943-7},
	abstract = {The possibility that graphite electrodes can serve as the direct electron donor for microbially catalyzed reductive dechlorination was investigated with Geobacter lovleyi. In an initial evaluation of whether G. lovleyi could interact electronically with graphite electrodes, cells were provided with acetate as the electron donor and an electrode as the sole electron acceptor. Current was produced at levels that were ca. 10-fold lower than those previously reported for Geobacter sulfurreducens under similar conditions, and G. lovleyi anode biofilms were correspondingly thinner. When an electrode poised at -300 mV (versus a standard hydrogen electrode) was provided as the electron donor, G. lovleyi effectively reduced fumarate to succinate. The stoichiometry of electrons consumed to succinate produced was 2:1, the ratio expected if the electrode served as the sole electron donor for fumarate reduction. G. lovleyi effectively reduced tetrachloroethene (PCE) to cis-dichloroethene with a poised electrode as the sole electron donor at rates comparable to those obtained when acetate serves as the electron donor. Cells were less abundant on the electrodes when the electrodes served as an electron donor than when they served as an electron acceptor. PCE was not reduced in controls without cells or when the current supply to cells was interrupted. These results demonstrate that G. lovleyi can use a poised electrode as a direct electron donor for reductive dechlorination of PCE. The ability to colocalize dechlorinating microorganisms with electrodes has several potential advantages for bioremediation of subsurface chlorinated contaminants, especially in source zones where electron donor delivery is challenging and often limits dechlorination.},
	keywords = {Acetic Acid, Biofilms, Biomass, Electricity, Electrodes, Electrons, Ethylene Dichlorides, Fumarates, Geobacter, Graphite, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Succinic Acid, Tetrachloroethylene},
	issn = {1098-5336},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00961-08},
	author = {Strycharz, Sarah M and Woodard, Trevor L and Johnson, Jessica P and Nevin, Kelly P and Sanford, Robert A and L{\"o}ffler, Frank E and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {514,
	title = {Biofilm and nanowire production leads to increased current in Geobacter sulfurreducens fuel cells.},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006 Nov},
	pages = {7345-8},
	abstract = {Geobacter sulfurreducens developed highly structured, multilayer biofilms on the anode surface of a microbial fuel cell converting acetate to electricity. Cells at a distance from the anode remained viable, and there was no decrease in the efficiency of current production as the thickness of the biofilm increased. Genetic studies demonstrated that efficient electron transfer through the biofilm required the presence of electrically conductive pili. These pili may represent an electronic network permeating the biofilm that can promote long-range electrical transfer in an energy-efficient manner, increasing electricity production more than 10-fold.},
	keywords = {Acetates, Bioelectric Energy Sources, Biofilms, Electricity, Electrodes, Electron Transport, Fimbriae, Bacterial, Geobacter, Microscopy, Confocal, Mutation, Nanowires},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.01444-06},
	author = {Reguera, Gemma and Nevin, Kelly P and Nicoll, Julie S and Covalla, Sean F and Woodard, Trevor L and Lovley, Derek R}
}
