@article {479,
	title = {Power output and columbic efficiencies from biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens comparable to mixed community microbial fuel cells.},
	journal = {Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008 Oct},
	pages = {2505-14},
	abstract = {It has been previously noted that mixed communities typically produce more power in microbial fuel cells than pure cultures. If true, this has important implications for the design of microbial fuel cells and for studying the process of electron transfer on anode biofilms. To further evaluate this, Geobacter sulfurreducens was grown with acetate as fuel in a continuous flow {\textquoteright}ministack{\textquoteright} system in which the carbon cloth anode and cathode were positioned in close proximity, and the cation-selective membrane surface area was maximized in order to overcome some of the electrochemical limitations that were inherent in fuel cells previously employed for the study of pure cultures. Reducing the size of the anode in order to eliminate cathode limitation resulted in maximum current and power densities per m(2) of anode surface of 4.56 A m(-2) and 1.88 W m(-2) respectively. Electron recovery as current from acetate oxidation was c. 100\% when oxygen diffusion into the system was minimized. This performance is comparable to the highest levels previously reported for mixed communities in similar microbial fuel cells and slightly higher than the power output of an anaerobic sludge inoculum in the same ministack system. Minimizing the volume of the anode chamber yielded a volumetric power density of 2.15 kW m(-3), which is the highest power density per volume yet reported for a microbial fuel cell. Geobacter sulfurreducens formed relatively uniform biofilms 3-18 mum thick on the carbon cloth anodes. When graphite sticks served as the anode, the current density (3.10 A m(-2)) was somewhat less than with the carbon cloth anodes, but the biofilms were thicker (c. 50 mum) with a more complex pillar and channel structure. These results suggest that the previously observed disparity in power production in pure and mixed culture microbial fuel cell systems can be attributed more to differences in the fuel cell designs than to any inherent superior capability of mixed cultures to produce more power than pure cultures.},
	keywords = {Acetic Acid, Biofilms, Carbon, Electricity, Electrodes, Geobacter, Oxidation-Reduction},
	issn = {1462-2920},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01675.x},
	author = {Nevin, K P and Richter, H and Covalla, S F and Johnson, J P and Woodard, T L and Orloff, A L and Jia, H and Zhang, M and Lovley, D R}
}
@article {544,
	title = {Microbial communities associated with electrodes harvesting electricity from a variety of aquatic sediments.},
	journal = {Microb Ecol},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Aug},
	pages = {178-90},
	abstract = {The microbial communities associated with electrodes from underwater fuel cells harvesting electricity from five different aquatic sediments were investigated. Three fuel cells were constructed with marine, salt-marsh, or freshwater sediments incubated in the laboratory. Fuel cells were also deployed in the field in salt marsh sediments in New Jersey and estuarine sediments in Oregon, USA. All of the sediments produced comparable amounts of power. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences after 3-7 months of incubation demonstrated that all of the energy-harvesting anodes were highly enriched in microorganisms in the delta-Proteobacteria when compared with control electrodes not connected to a cathode. Geobacteraceae accounted for the majority of delta-Proteobacterial sequences or all of the energy-harvesting anodes, except the one deployed at the Oregon estuarine site. Quantitative PCR analysis of 16S rRNA genes and culturing studies indicated that Geobacteraceae were 100-fold more abundant on the marine-deployed anodes versus controls. Sequences most similar to microorganisms in the family Desulfobulbaceae predominated on the anode deployed in the estuarine sediments, and a significant proportion of the sequences recovered from the freshwater anodes were closely related to the Fe(III)-reducing isolate, Geothrix fermentans. There was also a specific enrichment of microorganisms on energy harvesting cathodes, but the enriched populations varied with the sediment/water source. Thus, future studies designed to help optimize the harvesting of electricity from aquatic sediments or waste organic matter should focus on the electrode interactions of these microorganisms which are most competitive in colonizing anodes and cathodes.},
	keywords = {Base Sequence, Biodiversity, Bioelectric Energy Sources, Cloning, Molecular, DNA Primers, Electrodes, Gammaproteobacteria, Geologic Sediments, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Restriction Mapping, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sequence Analysis, DNA},
	issn = {0095-3628},
	doi = {10.1007/s00248-003-0004-4},
	author = {Holmes, D E and Bond, D R and O{\textquoteright}Neil, R A and Reimers, C E and Tender, L R and Lovley, D R}
}
