@article {3114,
	title = {Seeing is believing: novel imaging techniques help clarify microbial nanowire structure and function.},
	journal = {Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015 Jul},
	pages = {2209-15},
	abstract = {<p>Novel imaging approaches have recently helped to clarify the properties of {\textquoteright}microbial nanowires{\textquoteright}. Geobacter sulfurreducens pili are actual wires. They possess metallic-like conductivity, which can be attributed to overlapping pi-pi orbitals of key aromatic amino acids. Electrostatic force microscopy recently confirmed charge propagation along the pili, in a manner similar to carbon nanotubes. The pili are essential for long-range electron transport to insoluble electron acceptors and interspecies electron transfer. Previous claims that Shewanella oneidensis also produce conductive pili have recently been recanted, based on novel live-imaging studies. The putative pili are, in fact, long extensions of the cytochrome-rich outer membrane and periplasm that, when dried, collapse to form filaments with dimensions similar to pili. It has yet to be demonstrated whether the cytochrome-to-cytochrome electron hopping documented in the dried membrane extensions takes place in intact hydrated membrane extensions or whether the membrane extensions enhance electron transport to insoluble electron acceptors such as Fe(III) oxides or electrodes. These findings demonstrate that G. sulfurreducens conductive pili and the outer membrane extensions of S. oneidensis are fundamentally different in composition, mechanism of electron transport and physiological role. New methods for evaluating filament conductivity will facilitate screening the microbial world for nanowires and elucidating their function.</p>},
	keywords = {Cytochromes, Electric Conductivity, Electron Transport, Electrons, Ferric Compounds, Fimbriae, Bacterial, Geobacter, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Nanowires, Oxides, Periplasm, Shewanella},
	issn = {1462-2920},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12708},
	author = {Lovley, Derek R and Malvankar, Nikhil S}
}
@article {3123,
	title = {Microbial nanowires for bioenergy applications.},
	journal = {Curr Opin Biotechnol},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014 Jun},
	pages = {88-95},
	abstract = {<p>Microbial nanowires are electrically conductive filaments that facilitate long-range extracellular electron transfer. The model for electron transport along Shewanella oneidensis nanowires is electron hopping/tunneling between cytochromes adorning the filaments. Geobacter sulfurreducens nanowires are comprised of pili that have metal-like conductivity attributed to overlapping pi-pi orbitals of aromatic amino acids. The nanowires of Geobacter species have been implicated in direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET), which may be an important mode of syntrophy in the conversion of organic wastes to methane. Nanowire networks confer conductivity to Geobacter biofilms converting organic compounds to electricity in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and increasing nanowire production is the only genetic manipulation shown to yield strains with improved current-producing capabilities. Introducing nanowires, or nanowire mimetics, might improve other bioenergy strategies that rely on extracellular electron exchange, such as microbial electrosynthesis. Similarities between microbial nanowires and synthetic conducting polymers suggest additional energy-related applications.</p>},
	keywords = {Anaerobiosis, Bioelectric Energy Sources, Biofilms, Electric Conductivity, Electricity, Electron Transport, Electrons, Fimbriae, Bacterial, Geobacter, Methane, Nanowires, Shewanella, Synthetic Biology},
	issn = {1879-0429},
	doi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2013.12.003},
	author = {Malvankar, Nikhil S and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {485,
	title = {Extracellular electron transfer: wires, capacitors, iron lungs, and more.},
	journal = {Geobiology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008 Jun},
	pages = {225-31},
	keywords = {Cell Surface Extensions, Cytochromes, Electron Transport, Ferric Compounds, Models, Biological, Shewanella},
	issn = {1472-4669},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00148.x},
	author = {Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {494,
	title = {Growth with high planktonic biomass in Shewanella oneidensis fuel cells.},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiol Lett},
	volume = {278},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008 Jan},
	pages = {29-35},
	abstract = {Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 grew for over 50 days in microbial fuel cells, incompletely oxidizing lactate to acetate with high recovery of the electrons derived from this reaction as electricity. Electricity was produced with lactate or hydrogen and current was comparable to that of electricigens which completely oxidize organic substrates. However, unlike fuel cells with previously described electricigens, in which cells are primarily attached to the anode, at least as many of the S. oneidensis cells were planktonic as were attached to the anode. These results demonstrate that S. oneidensis may conserve energy for growth with an electrode serving as an electron acceptor and suggest that multiple strategies for electron transfer to fuel cell anodes exist.},
	keywords = {Bioelectric Energy Sources, Electricity, Electron Transport, Lactic Acid, Plankton, Shewanella},
	issn = {0378-1097},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00964.x},
	author = {Lanthier, Martin and Gregory, Kelvin B and Lovley, Derek R}
}
@article {545,
	title = {Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction.},
	journal = {Adv Microb Physiol},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {219-86},
	abstract = {Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction has an important influence on the geochemistry of modern environments, and Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms, most notably those in the Geobacteraceae family, can play an important role in the bioremediation of subsurface environments contaminated with organic or metal contaminants. Microorganisms with the capacity to conserve energy from Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction are phylogenetically dispersed throughout the Bacteria and Archaea. The ability to oxidize hydrogen with the reduction of Fe(III) is a highly conserved characteristic of hyperthermophilic microorganisms and one Fe(III)-reducing Archaea grows at the highest temperature yet recorded for any organism. Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-reducing microorganisms have the ability to oxidize a wide variety of organic compounds, often completely to carbon dioxide. Typical alternative electron acceptors for Fe(III) reducers include oxygen, nitrate, U(VI) and electrodes. Unlike other commonly considered electron acceptors, Fe(III) and Mn(IV) oxides, the most prevalent form of Fe(III) and Mn(IV) in most environments, are insoluble. Thus, Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-reducing microorganisms face the dilemma of how to transfer electrons derived from central metabolism onto an insoluble, extracellular electron acceptor. Although microbiological and geochemical evidence suggests that Fe(III) reduction may have been the first form of microbial respiration, the capacity for Fe(III) reduction appears to have evolved several times as phylogenetically distinct Fe(III) reducers have different mechanisms for Fe(III) reduction. Geobacter species, which are representative of the family of Fe(III) reducers that predominate in a wide diversity of sedimentary environments, require direct contact with Fe(III) oxides in order to reduce them. In contrast, Shewanella and Geothrix species produce chelators that solubilize Fe(III) and release electron-shuttling compounds that transfer electrons from the cell surface to the surface of Fe(III) oxides not in direct contact with the cells. Electron transfer from the inner membrane to the outer membrane in Geobacter and Shewanella species appears to involve an electron transport chain of inner-membrane, periplasmic, and outer-membrane c-type cytochromes, but the cytochromes involved in these processes in the two organisms are different. In addition, Geobacter species specifically express flagella and pili during growth on Fe(III) and Mn(IV) oxides and are chemotactic to Fe(II) and Mn(II), which may lead Geobacter species to the oxides under anoxic conditions. The physiological characteristics of Geobacter species appear to explain why they have consistently been found to be the predominant Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-reducing microorganisms in a variety of sedimentary environments. In comparison with other respiratory processes, the study of Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction is in its infancy, but genome-enabled approaches are rapidly advancing our understanding of this environmentally significant physiology.},
	keywords = {Archaea, Biodegradation, Environmental, Ferric Compounds, Geobacter, Manganese, Manganese Compounds, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxides, Shewanella, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants},
	issn = {0065-2911},
	doi = {10.1016/S0065-2911(04)49005-5},
	author = {Lovley, Derek R and Holmes, Dawn E and Nevin, Kelly P}
}
