@article {2373,
	title = {Leishmania DNA Replication Timing: A Stochastic Event?},
	journal = {Trends Parasitol},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016 10},
	pages = {755-757},
	abstract = {<p>For eukaryotic genomes, DNA synthesis initiates at multiple discrete regions known as replication origins in a dynamic yet regulated manner to ensure genomic stability. Two recent studies using different approaches reveal few Leishmania origins and that origin firing may proceed in a mainly stochastic manner.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, DNA Replication Timing, Drug Delivery Systems, Genomic Instability, Humans, Leishmania, Leishmaniasis, Replication Origin},
	issn = {1471-5007},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.011},
	author = {Rocha-Granados, Maria C and Klingbeil, Michele M}
}
@article {383,
	title = {Unraveling the secrets of regulating mitochondrial DNA replication.},
	journal = {Mol Cell},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009 Aug 28},
	pages = {398-400},
	abstract = {In this issue, Liu et al. (2009) report that maxicircle DNA copy number in trypanosomes is regulated by proteolysis of a helicase; the complex kinetoplast DNA system yields a clear view of how mitochondrial DNA replication can be regulated.},
	keywords = {Animals, DNA Helicases, DNA Replication, DNA, Kinetoplast, DNA, Mitochondrial, DNA, Protozoan, Gene Expression Regulation, Mutation, Peptide Hydrolases, Protozoan Proteins, Time Factors, Trypanosoma brucei brucei},
	issn = {1097-4164},
	doi = {10.1016/j.molcel.2009.08.007},
	author = {Klingbeil, Michele M and Shapiro, Theresa A}
}
@article {384,
	title = {Stem-loop silencing reveals that a third mitochondrial DNA polymerase, POLID, is required for kinetoplast DNA replication in trypanosomes.},
	journal = {Eukaryot Cell},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008 Dec},
	pages = {2141-6},
	abstract = {Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), the mitochondrial genome of trypanosomes, is a catenated network containing thousands of minicircles and tens of maxicircles. The topological complexity dictates some unusual features including a topoisomerase-mediated release-and-reattachment mechanism for minicircle replication and at least six mitochondrial DNA polymerases (Pols) for kDNA transactions. Previously, we identified four family A DNA Pols from Trypanosoma brucei with similarity to bacterial DNA Pol I and demonstrated that two (POLIB and POLIC) were essential for maintaining the kDNA network, while POLIA was not. Here, we used RNA interference to investigate the function of POLID in procyclic T. brucei. Stem-loop silencing of POLID resulted in growth arrest and the progressive loss of the kDNA network. Additional defects in kDNA replication included a rapid decline in minicircle and maxicircle abundance and a transient accumulation of minicircle replication intermediates before loss of the kDNA network. These results demonstrate that POLID is a third essential DNA Pol required for kDNA replication. While other eukaryotes utilize a single DNA Pol (Pol gamma) for replication of mitochondrial DNA, T. brucei requires at least three to maintain the complex kDNA network.},
	keywords = {Animals, DNA Replication, DNA, Kinetoplast, DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase, Mitochondria, Mitochondrial Proteins, Protozoan Proteins, RNA Interference, RNA, Double-Stranded, Trypanosoma brucei brucei},
	issn = {1535-9786},
	doi = {10.1128/EC.00199-08},
	author = {Chandler, Julian and Vandoros, Anthula V and Mozeleski, Brian and Klingbeil, Michele M}
}
@article {385,
	title = {Closing the gaps in kinetoplast DNA network replication.},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {101},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004 Mar 30},
	pages = {4333-4},
	keywords = {Animals, Crithidia fasciculata, DNA Ligases, DNA Replication, DNA, Kinetoplast, DNA, Mitochondrial, Microscopy, Electron, Trypanosoma brucei brucei},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0401400101},
	author = {Klingbeil, Michele M and Englund, Paul T}
}
@article {386,
	title = {Trypanosoma brucei has two distinct mitochondrial DNA polymerase beta enzymes.},
	journal = {J Biol Chem},
	volume = {278},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003 Dec 5},
	pages = {49095-101},
	abstract = {In higher eukaryotes, DNA polymerase (pol) beta resides in the nucleus and participates primarily in DNA repair. The DNA polymerase beta from the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata, however, was the first mitochondrial enzyme of this type described. Upon searching the nearly completed genome data base of the related parasite Trypanosoma brucei, we discovered genes for two pol beta-like proteins. One is approximately 70\% identical to the C. fasciculata pol beta and is likely the homolog of this enzyme. The other, although approximately 30\% identical within the polymerase region, has unusual structural features including a short C-terminal tail and a long N-terminal extension rich in prolines, alanines, and lysines. Both proteins, when expressed recombinantly, are active as DNA polymerases and deoxyribose phosphate lyases, but their polymerase activity optima differ with respect to pH and KCl and MgCl2 concentrations. Remarkably, green fluorescent protein fusion proteins and immunofluorescence demonstrate that both are mitochondrial, but their locations with respect to the mitochondrial DNA (kinetoplast DNA network) in this organism are strikingly different.},
	keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Cell Line, DNA Polymerase beta, DNA Primers, Isoenzymes, Mitochondria, Recombinant Proteins, Trypanosoma brucei brucei},
	issn = {0021-9258},
	doi = {10.1074/jbc.M308565200},
	author = {Saxowsky, Tina T and Choudhary, Gunjan and Klingbeil, Michele M and Englund, Paul T}
}
@article {388,
	title = {Multiple mitochondrial DNA polymerases in Trypanosoma brucei.},
	journal = {Mol Cell},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Jul},
	pages = {175-86},
	abstract = {Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), the unusual mitochondrial DNA of Trypanosoma brucei, is a network containing thousands of catenated circles. Database searching for a kDNA replicative polymerase (pol) revealed no mitochondrial pol gamma homolog. Instead, we identified four proteins (TbPOLIA, IB, IC, and ID) related to bacterial pol I. Remarkably, all four localized to the mitochondrion. TbPOLIB and TbPOLIC localized beside the kDNA where replication occurs, and their knockdown by RNA interference caused kDNA network shrinkage. Furthermore, silencing of TbPOLIC caused loss of both minicircles and maxicircles and accumulation of minicircle replication intermediates, consistent with a role in replication. While typical mitochondria contain one DNA polymerase, pol gamma, trypanosome mitochondria contain five such enzymes, including the previously characterized pol beta.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, DNA, Kinetoplast, DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase, Mitochondria, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Protein Transport, RNA, Double-Stranded, RNA, Messenger, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Trypanosoma brucei brucei},
	issn = {1097-2765},
	author = {Klingbeil, Michele M and Motyka, Shawn A and Englund, Paul T}
}
