@article {1559, title = {Identification of 4-Hydroxycumyl Alcohol As the Major MnO2-Mediated Bisphenol A Transformation Product and Evaluation of Its Environmental Fate.}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {49}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 May 19}, pages = {6214-21}, abstract = {

Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental contaminant with weak estrogenic activity, resists microbial degradation under anoxic conditions but is susceptible to abiotic transformation by manganese dioxide (MnO2). BPA degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.96 ({\textpm}0.03) min(-1) in the presence of 2 mM MnO2 (0.017\% w/w) at pH 7.2. 4-hydroxycumyl alcohol (HCA) was the major transformation product, and, on a molar basis, up to 64\% of the initial amount of BPA was recovered as HCA. MnO2 was also reactive toward HCA, albeit at 5-fold lower rates, and CO2 evolution (i.e., mineralization) occurred. In microcosms established with freshwater sediment, HCA was rapidly biodegraded under oxic, but not anoxic conditions. With a measured octanol-water partition coefficient (Log K(ow)) of 0.76 and an aqueous solubility of 2.65 g L(-1), HCA is more mobile in saturated media than BPA (Log K(ow) = 2.76; aqueous solubility = 0.31 g L(-1)), and therefore more likely to encounter oxic zones and undergo aerobic biodegradation. These findings corroborate that BPA is not inert under anoxic conditions and suggest that MnO2-mediated coupled abiotic-biotic processes may be relevant for controlling the fate and longevity of BPA in sediments and aquifers.

}, issn = {1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b00372}, author = {Im, Jeongdae and Prevatte, Carson W and Campagna, Shawn R and L{\"o}ffler, Frank E} } @article {1558, title = {Response to Comment on "Environmental Fate of the Next Generation Refrigerant 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf)".}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {49}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Jul 7}, pages = {8265-6}, issn = {1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b01970}, author = {Im, Jeongdae and Walshe-Langford, Gillian E and Moon, Ji-Won and L{\"o}ffler, Frank E} } @article {1561, title = {4-methylphenol produced in freshwater sediment microcosms is not a bisphenol A metabolite.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {117}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Dec}, pages = {521-6}, abstract = {

4-Methylphenol (4-MP), a putative bisphenol A (BPA) degradation intermediate, was detected at concentrations reaching 2.1 mg L(-1) in anoxic microcosms containing 10 mg L(-1) BPA and 5 g of freshwater sediment material collected from four geographically distinct locations and amended with nitrate, nitrite, ferric iron, or bicarbonate as electron acceptors. 4-MP accumulation was transient, and 4-MP degradation was observed under all redox conditions tested. 4-MP was not detected in microcosms not amended with BPA. Unexpectedly, incubations with (13)C-labeled BPA failed to produce (13)C-labeled 4-MP suggesting that 4-MP was not derived from BPA. The detection of 4-MP in live microcosms amended with lactate, but not containing BPA corroborated that BPA was not the source of 4-MP. These findings demonstrate that the transient formation of 4-MP as a possible BPA degradation intermediate must be interpreted cautiously, as microbial activity in streambed microcosms may generate 4-MP from sediment-associated organic material.

}, keywords = {Anaerobiosis, Benzhydryl Compounds, Biodegradation, Environmental, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Cresols, Environmental Monitoring, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Phenols, Water Pollutants, Chemical}, issn = {1879-1298}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.008}, author = {Im, Jeongdae and Prevatte, Carson W and Lee, Hong Geun and Campagna, Shawn R and L{\"o}ffler, Frank E} } @article {1560, title = {Environmental fate of the next generation refrigerant 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf).}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {48}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Nov 18}, pages = {13181-7}, abstract = {

The hydrofluoroolefin 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) has been introduced to replace 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) as refrigerant in mobile, including vehicle, air conditioning systems because of its lower global warming potential. HFO-1234yf is volatile at ambient temperatures; however, high production volumes and widespread handling are expected to release this fluorocarbon into terrestrial and aquatic environments, including groundwater. Laboratory experiments explored HFO-1234yf degradation by (i) microbial processes under oxic and anoxic conditions, (ii) abiotic processes mediated by reactive mineral phases and zerovalent iron (Fe(0), ZVI), and (iii) cobalamin-catalyzed biomimetic transformation. These investigations demonstrated that HFO-1234yf was recalcitrant to microbial (co)metabolism and no transformation was observed in incubations with ZVI, makinawite (FeS), sulfate green rust (GR(SO4)), magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)), and manganese oxide (MnO2). Sequential reductive defluorination of HFO-1234yf to 3,3,3-trifluoropropene and 3,3-dichloropropene with concomitant stoichiometric release of fluoride occurred in incubations with reduced cobalamins (e.g., vitamin B12) indicating that biomolecules can transform HFO-1234yf at circumneutral pH and at ambient temperature. Taken together, these findings suggest that HFO-1234yf recalcitrance in aquifers should be expected; however, HFO-1234yf is not inert and a biomolecule may mediate reductive transformation in low redox environments, albeit at low rates.

}, issn = {1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es5032147}, author = {Im, Jeongdae and Walshe-Langford, Gillian E and Moon, Ji-Won and L{\"o}ffler, Frank E} } @article {1562, title = {Regulation of ethanol-related behavior and ethanol metabolism by the Corazonin neurons and Corazonin receptor in Drosophila melanogaster.}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, pages = {e87062}, abstract = {

Impaired ethanol metabolism can lead to various alcohol-related health problems. Key enzymes in ethanol metabolism are alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH); however, neuroendocrine pathways that regulate the activities of these enzymes are largely unexplored. Here we identified a neuroendocrine system involving Corazonin (Crz) neuropeptide and its receptor (CrzR) as important physiological regulators of ethanol metabolism in Drosophila. Crz-cell deficient (Crz-CD) flies displayed significantly delayed recovery from ethanol-induced sedation that we refer to as hangover-like phenotype. Newly generated mutant lacking Crz Receptor (CrzR(01) ) and CrzR-knockdown flies showed even more severe hangover-like phenotype, which is causally associated with fast accumulation of acetaldehyde in the CrzR(01) mutant following ethanol exposure. Higher levels of acetaldehyde are likely due to 30\% reduced ALDH activity in the mutants. Moreover, increased ADH activity was found in the CrzR(01) mutant, but not in the Crz-CD flies. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed transcriptional upregulation of Adh gene in the CrzR(01) . Transgenic inhibition of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) also results in significantly increased ADH activity and Adh mRNA levels, indicating PKA-dependent transcriptional regulation of Adh by CrzR. Furthermore, inhibition of PKA or cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in CrzR cells leads to comparable hangover-like phenotype to the CrzR(01) mutant. These findings suggest that CrzR-associated signaling pathway is critical for ethanol detoxification via Crz-dependent regulation of ALDH activity and Crz-independent transcriptional regulation of ADH. Our study provides new insights into the neuroendocrine-associated ethanol-related behavior and metabolism.

}, keywords = {Acetaldehyde, Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Alleles, Animals, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila Proteins, Ethanol, Genes, Reporter, Male, Mutation, Neurons, Neuropeptides, Phenotype, Receptors, Neuropeptide, RNA, Messenger, Transcription, Genetic}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0087062}, author = {Sha, Kai and Choi, Seung-Hoon and Im, Jeongdae and Lee, Gyunghee G and Loeffler, Frank and Park, Jae H} } @article {1564, title = {A field trial of nutrient stimulation of methanotrophs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from landfill cover soils.}, journal = {J Air Waste Manag Assoc}, volume = {63}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Mar}, pages = {300-9}, abstract = {

UNLABELLED: Landfills are among the major sources of anthropogenic methane (CH4) estimated to reach 40 x 10(9) kg per year worldwide by 2015 (IPCC, 2007). A 2 1/2-year field experiment was conducted at a closed landfill in western Michigan where methanotrophs, methane-consuming bacteria, were stimulated by nutrient addition to the soil without significantly increasing biogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) production. The effects of the nitrogen amendments (KNO3 and NH4Cl), phenylacetylene (a selective inhibitor of nitrifying bacteria that contribute to N2O production), and a canopy (to reduce direct water infiltration) on the vertical soil gas profiles of CH4, CO2, and O2 were measured in the top meter of the soil. Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes were calculated from the corresponding soil gas concentration gradients with respect to depth and a Millington-Quirk diffusivity coefficient in soil derived empirically from soil porosity, water content, and diffusivity coefficients in air from the literature. Methane flux estimates were as high as 218.4 g m(-2) day(-1) in the fall and 12.8 g/m(-2) day(-1) in the summer. During the spring and summer CH4 fluxes were reduced by more than half by adding KNO3 and NH4Cl into the soil as compared to control plots, while N2O fluxes increased substantially. The concurrent addition of phenylacetylene to the amendment decreased peak N2O production by half and the rate of peak methane oxidation by about one-third. The seasonal average methane and N2O flux data were extrapolated to estimate the reduction of CH4 and N2O fluxes into the atmosphere by nitrogen and inhibitor addition to the cover soils. The results suggest that such additions coupled with soil moisture management may provide a potential strategy to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from landfills.

IMPLICATIONS: The results of a 2 1/2-year study of effects of nutrient stimulation on methane oxidation in landfill cover soils demonstrates that nutrient addition does decrease methane emissions. The work further underscores the control which soil moisture exerts on methane oxidation. Water management is critical to the success of methane oxidation strategies.

}, keywords = {Biodegradation, Environmental, Gases, Greenhouse Effect, Methane, Oxidation-Reduction, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Waste Management}, issn = {1096-2247}, author = {Lizik, William and Im, Jeongdae and Semrau, Jeremy D and Barcelona, Michael J} } @article {1565, title = {Guided cobalamin biosynthesis supports Dehalococcoides mccartyi reductive dechlorination activity.}, journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci}, volume = {368}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Apr 19}, pages = {20120320}, abstract = {

Dehalococcoides mccartyi strains are corrinoid-auxotrophic Bacteria and axenic cultures that require vitamin B12 (CN-Cbl) to conserve energy via organohalide respiration. Cultures of D. mccartyi strains BAV1, GT and FL2 grown with limiting amounts of 1 {\textmu}g l(-1) CN-Cbl quickly depleted CN-Cbl, and reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated ethenes was incomplete leading to vinyl chloride (VC) accumulation. In contrast, the same cultures amended with 25 {\textmu}g l(-1) CN-Cbl exhibited up to 2.3-fold higher dechlorination rates, 2.8-9.1-fold increased growth yields, and completely consumed growth-supporting chlorinated ethenes. To explore whether known cobamide-producing microbes supply Dehalococcoides with the required corrinoid cofactor, co-culture experiments were performed with the methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri strain Fusaro and two acetogens, Sporomusa ovata and Sporomusa sp. strain KB-1, as Dehalococcoides partner populations. During growth with H2/CO2, M. barkeri axenic cultures produced 4.2 {\textpm} 0.1 {\textmu}g l(-1) extracellular cobamide (factor III), whereas the Sporomusa cultures produced phenolyl- and p-cresolyl-cobamides. Neither factor III nor the phenolic cobamides supported Dehalococcoides reductive dechlorination activity suggesting that M. barkeri and the Sporomusa sp. cannot fulfil Dehalococcoides{\textquoteright} nutritional requirements. Dehalococcoides dechlorination activity and growth occurred in M. barkeri and Sporomusa sp. co-cultures amended with 10 {\textmu}M 5{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}-dimethylbenzimidazole (DMB), indicating that a cobalamin is a preferred corrinoid cofactor of strains BAV1, GT and FL2 when grown with chlorinated ethenes as electron acceptors. Even though the methanogen and acetogen populations tested did not produce cobalamin, the addition of DMB enabled guided biosynthesis and generated a cobalamin that supported Dehalococcoides{\textquoteright} activity and growth. Guided cobalamin biosynthesis may offer opportunities to sustain and enhance Dehalococcoides activity in contaminated subsurface environments.

}, keywords = {Bacteriological Techniques, Benzimidazoles, Biodegradation, Environmental, Chloroflexi, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Coculture Techniques, Culture Media, Dichloroethylenes, Halogenation, Oxidation-Reduction, Trichloroethylene, Vitamin B 12}, issn = {1471-2970}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2012.0320}, author = {Yan, Jun and Im, Jeongdae and Yang, Yi and L{\"o}ffler, Frank E} } @article {1563, title = {Interference of ferric ions with ferrous iron quantification using the ferrozine assay.}, journal = {J Microbiol Methods}, volume = {95}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Dec}, pages = {366-7}, abstract = {

The ferrozine assay is a widely used colorimetric method for determining soluble iron concentrations. We provide evidence for a heretofore unrecognized interference of ferric ions (Fe(3+)) on ferrous iron (Fe(2+)) measurements performed in the dark. Fe(3+) concentrations affected the absorbance measurements, which linearly increased with incubation time.

}, keywords = {Chemistry Techniques, Analytical, Colorimetry, Darkness, Diagnostic Errors, Ferric Compounds, Ferrous Compounds, Ferrozine, Ions, Iron, Time Factors}, issn = {1872-8359}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2013.10.005}, author = {Im, Jeongdae and Lee, Jaejin and L{\"o}ffler, Frank E} } @article {1567, title = {Characterization of a novel facultative Methylocystis species capable of growth on methane, acetate and ethanol.}, journal = {Environ Microbiol Rep}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Apr}, pages = {174-81}, abstract = {

A non-motile strain of Methylocystis, strain SB2, isolated from a spring bog in southeast Michigan, had a curved rod morphology with a typical type II intracytoplasmic membrane system. This organism expressed the membrane-bound or particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) as well as a chalkophore with high affinity for copper and did not express the cytoplasmic or soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO). Strain SB2 was found to grow within the pH range of 6-9, with optimal growth at 6.8. Growth was observed at temperatures ranging between 10{\textdegree}C and 30{\textdegree}C, with no growth at 37{\textdegree}C. The DNA G+C content was 62.9 mol\%. Predominant fatty acids were 18:1ω7c (72.7\%) and 18:1ω9c (24\%) when grown on methane. Phylogenetic comparisons based on both pmoA and 16S rRNA sequences indicated that this organism belonged to the Methylocystis genus, and was closely related to Methylocystis rosea SV97(T) and Methylocystis echinoides IMET10491(T) (98\% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to both strains). DNA : DNA hybridizations indicated that strain SB2 had 70\% similarity with M. rosea SV97(T) . Unlike M. rosea SV97(T) , strain SB2 was able to utilize not only methane for growth, but also ethanol and acetate. Furthermore, the predominant fatty acids in strain SB2 were different from those found in M. rosea SV97(T) , i.e. 54.2\% and 39.7\% of fatty acids are 18:1ω8 and 18:1ω7 in M. rosea SV97(T) , while 18:1ω8 is completely absent in strain SB2.

}, issn = {1758-2229}, doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00204.x}, author = {Im, Jeongdae and Lee, Sung-Woo and Yoon, Sukhwan and Dispirito, Alan A and Semrau, Jeremy D} } @article {1566, title = {Constitutive expression of pMMO by Methylocystis strain SB2 when grown on multi-carbon substrates: implications for biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes.}, journal = {Environ Microbiol Rep}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Apr}, pages = {182-8}, abstract = {

The particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) in Methylocystis strain SB2 was found to be constitutively expressed in the absence of methane when the strain was grown on either acetate or ethanol. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-PCR showed that the expression of pmoA decreased by one to two orders of magnitude when grown on acetate as compared with growth of strain SB2 on methane. The capability of strain SB2 to degrade a mixture of chlorinated ethenes in the absence of methane was examined to verify the presence and activity of pMMO under acetate-growth conditions as well determine the effectiveness of such conditions for bioremediation. It was found that when strain SB2 was grown on acetate and exposed to 40 {\textmu}M each of trichloroethylene (TCE), trans-dichloroethylene (t-DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC), approximately 30\% of VC and t-DCE was degraded but no appreciable TCE removal was measured after 216 h of incubation. The ability to degrade VC and t-DCE was lost when acetylene was added, confirming that pMMO was responsible for the degradation of these chlorinated ethenes by Methylocystis strain SB2 when the strain was grown on acetate.

}, issn = {1758-2229}, doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00205.x}, author = {Yoon, Sukhwan and Im, Jeongdae and Bandow, Nathan and Dispirito, Alan A and Semrau, Jeremy D} } @article {1569, title = {Field application of nitrogen and phenylacetylene to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from landfill cover soils: effects on microbial community structure.}, journal = {Appl Microbiol Biotechnol}, volume = {89}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Jan}, pages = {189-200}, abstract = {

Landfills are large sources of CH(4), but a considerable amount of CH(4) can be removed in situ by methanotrophs if their activity can be stimulated through the addition of nitrogen. Nitrogen can, however, lead to increased N(2)O production. To examine the effects of nitrogen and a selective inhibitor on CH(4) oxidation and N(2)O production in situ, 0.5 M of NH(4)Cl and 0.25 M of KNO(3), with and without 0.01\% (w/v) phenylacetylene, were applied to test plots at a landfill in Kalamazoo, MI from 2007 November to 2009 July. Nitrogen amendments stimulated N(2)O production but had no effect on CH(4) oxidation. The addition of phenylacetylene stimulated CH(4) oxidation while reducing N(2)O production. Methanotrophs possessing particulate methane monooxygenase and archaeal ammonia-oxidizers (AOAs) were abundant. The addition of nitrogen reduced methanotrophic diversity, particularly for type I methanotrophs. The simultaneous addition of phenylacetylene increased methanotrophic diversity and the presence of type I methanotrophs. Clone libraries of the archaeal amoA gene showed that the addition of nitrogen increased AOAs affiliated with Crenarchaeal group 1.1b, while they decreased with the simultaneous addition of phenylacetylene. These results suggest that the addition of phenylacetylene with nitrogen reduces N(2)O production by selectively inhibiting AOAs and/or type II methanotrophs.

}, keywords = {Acetylene, Archaea, Archaeal Proteins, Bacteria, Bacterial Proteins, Gases, Greenhouse Effect, Methane, Molecular Sequence Data, Nitrogen, Refuse Disposal, Soil, Soil Microbiology}, issn = {1432-0614}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-010-2811-0}, author = {Im, Jeongdae and Lee, Sung-Woo and Bodrossy, Levente and Barcelona, Michael J and Semrau, Jeremy D} } @article {1568, title = {Pollutant degradation by a Methylocystis strain SB2 grown on ethanol: bioremediation via facultative methanotrophy.}, journal = {FEMS Microbiol Lett}, volume = {318}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 May}, pages = {137-42}, abstract = {

A facultative methanotroph, Methylocystis strain SB2, was examined for its ability to degrade chlorinated hydrocarbons when grown on methane or ethanol. Strain SB2 grown on methane degraded vinyl chloride (VC), trans-dichloroethylene (t-DCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), and chloroform (CF), but not dichloromethane (DCM). Growth on methane was reduced in the presence of any chlorinated hydrocarbon. Strain SB2 grown on ethanol degraded VC, t-DCE, and TCE, and 1,1,1-TCA, but not DCM or CF. With the exception of 1,1,1-TCA, the growth of strain SB2 on ethanol was not affected by any individual chlorinated hydrocarbon. No degradation of any chlorinated hydrocarbon was observed when acetylene was added to ethanol-grown cultures, indicating that this degradation was due to particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) activity. When mixtures of chlorinated alkanes or alkenes were added to cultures growing on methane or ethanol, chlorinated alkene degradation occurred, but chlorinated alkanes were not, and growth was reduced on both methane and ethanol. Collectively, these data indicate that competitive inhibition of pMMO activity limits methanotrophic growth and pollutant degradation. Facultative methanotrophy may thus be useful to extend the utility of methanotrophs for bioremediation as the use of alternative growth substrates allows for pMMO activity to be focused on pollutant degradation.

}, keywords = {Autotrophic Processes, Biodegradation, Environmental, Environmental Pollutants, Ethanol, Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated, Methane, Methylocystaceae}, issn = {1574-6968}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02249.x}, author = {Im, Jeongdae and Semrau, Jeremy D} } @article {1570, title = {Effect of nutrient and selective inhibitor amendments on methane oxidation, nitrous oxide production, and key gene presence and expression in landfill cover soils: characterization of the role of methanotrophs, nitrifiers, and denitrifiers.}, journal = {Appl Microbiol Biotechnol}, volume = {85}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Nov}, pages = {389-403}, abstract = {

Methane and nitrous oxide are both potent greenhouse gasses, with global warming potentials approximately 25 and 298 times that of carbon dioxide. A matrix of soil microcosms was constructed with landfill cover soils collected from the King Highway Landfill in Kalamazoo, Michigan and exposed to geochemical parameters known to affect methane consumption by methanotrophs while also examining their impact on biogenic nitrous oxide production. It was found that relatively dry soils (5\% moisture content) along with 15 mg NH (4) (+) (kg soil)(-1) and 0.1 mg phenylacetylene(kg soil)(-1) provided the greatest stimulation of methane oxidation while minimizing nitrous oxide production. Microarray analyses of pmoA showed that the methanotrophic community structure was dominated by Type II organisms, but Type I genera were more evident with the addition of ammonia. When phenylacetylene was added in conjunction with ammonia, the methanotrophic community structure was more similar to that observed in the presence of no amendments. PCR analyses showed the presence of amoA from both ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea, and that the presence of key genes associated with these cells was reduced with the addition of phenylacetylene. Messenger RNA analyses found transcripts of pmoA, but not of mmoX, nirK, norB, or amoA from either ammonia-oxidizing bacteria or archaea. Pure culture analyses showed that methanotrophs could produce significant amounts of nitrous oxide, particularly when expressing the particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO). Collectively, these data suggest that methanotrophs expressing pMMO played a role in nitrous oxide production in these microcosms.

}, keywords = {Archaea, Bacteria, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA Primers, DNA, Archaeal, DNA, Bacterial, Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, Inorganic Chemicals, Methane, Nitrites, Nitrogen, Nitrogen Oxides, Nitrous Oxide, Oxidation-Reduction, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Messenger, Soil, Water Pollutants, Chemical}, issn = {1432-0614}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-009-2238-7}, author = {Lee, Sung-Woo and Im, Jeongdae and Dispirito, Alan A and Bodrossy, Levente and Barcelona, Michael J and Semrau, Jeremy D} }